Ellis Island and American Nationalism Essay -- American History Essays

Ellis Island and American NationalismMany hatful have many different opinions of airports. Some people love going to airports and flying all around the country or the world. Others are afraid of airplanes, fearing that the plane will be hijacked. Others like coming into American airports so that they can start a new life. Some think that Arab immigrants are discriminated against when entering the country, but during the early days of American immigration many more were discriminated against. Ellis Island was corrupted with American Nationalism and the fear of the unknown. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land,Here at our sea-washed, sunset-gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome, her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor the twin-cities frame.Keep, ancient lands, your famous pomp cries she,With silent lips. Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shoreSend these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I prove my lamp beside the golden door (Lazarus, 1883)These are the words from the poem The New Colossus written by Emma Lazarus. This was the welcome the statue brought come here and be free, have a home, and a hope for your future. This is how many people, both within and outside of the United States, saw the Statue of Liberty, as a symbol of freedom. To the immigrants coming to this country, America was first telescopic to them in the presence of the 305 foot statue. The message of the Statue of Liberty didnt need any translations into a... ...med acceptable. BibliographyAllen, Leslie. Liberty The Statue and the American Dream. Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, New York 1985 Coan, Peter Morton. Ellis Island Interviews. Facts on File, New York 1997 Corsi, Edward. In the Shadow of Liberty. The Ma cmillan Company, New York 1935 Lankevich, George J. American Metropolis. New York University Press, New York 1998 Lazarus, Emma. The New Colossus. November 2, 1983. Weisberger, Bernard A. Statue of Liberty The First Hundred Years. American Heritage Press, New York 1985 Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia and Lightman, Marjorie. Ellis Island and the Peopling of America. The New Press, New York 1997 Images from silver screen of Judge Magazine. March 22, 1890. Private Collection, Paris.

Foothill Toll Roads :: Environmental Wildlife Essays

Foothill Toll Roads All those that are regulars of the I-5 south know how agitating it is to seat through the bumper to bumper traffic, especially on those 90 degree plus summer days. An alternative route is under construction which will help to alleviate just approximately of these traffic woes. The proposed toll road will run parallel to the I-5 and will connect the current portion of the Foothill Tollway to the I-5, just south of San Clemente. As good as this sounds, many sacrifices must be made to accommodate this preferred route. Those that will feel the greatest wrath of the new road are the animals and designts that reside in the San Onofre State Park. The preferred route will be composed of a toll road which will cut directly through the 3,126 acre park. Those that are in favor of the toll road envision that by the year 2010, the Foothill Corridor is projected to relieve Interstate 5 of 35,000 cars per day, Interstate 405 of 22,000, PCH of 13,000 and Moulton Parkway of 20,000. It is estimated that the corridor will carry 170,000 vehicle trips per day. The 15 miles of roadway will require 24 million cubic yards of earthwork and 1.1 million tons of asphalt paving. The Foothill Transportation Corridor Agency (TCA) has designed a plan with the greatest transportation benefits and the least environmental impacts. The mitigation of biological impacts includes 4 wildlife undercrossings, the creation of over 26.7 acres of wetlands and planting or enhancing 262 acres of the coastal quick of scent scrub habitat. Environmentalists oppose the development of this because of the wildlife that will be endangered and threatened, primarily the California Gnatcatcher. Species that will be endangered include the Pacific pocket mouse, Arroyo southwestern toad, Tidewater goby, Southwestern willow flycatcher, least Bells vireo and the Riverside fairy shrimp. Those animals that will be threatened consist of the California red-legged frog and the southern steelhead tr out (which will no agelong have viable habitat in that area). The route would cut through the canyon area that is the home to the core population of the California gnatcatcher. The Fish and Wildlife officials estimate that 35 pairs of the birds, which are listed as an endangered species, would be disrupted or displaced by the road and effects of the noise created by construction. There are about 100 pairs of these birds occupying the canyon area and it is from this core that the gnatcatchers produce new birds to surrounding areas.

Walt Whitmans Drum-Taps :: Walt Whitman Drum-Taps Essays

Walt Whitmans Drum-Taps - The Personal Record of Whitmans Wartime ExperiencesWalt Whitman is one of Americas most popular and most influential poets. The first edition of Whitmans well-known Leaves of Grass first appeared in July of the poets thirty-sixth yr. A sequent edition of Leaves of Grass (of which there were many) incorporated a collection of Whitmans poems that had been offered readers in 1865. The sequence added for the 1867 edition was Drum-Taps, which poetically recounts the authors experiences of the American civil War.Walt Whitman was born May 31, 1819, in West Hills, Long Island. His early years included much contact with words and writing he utilisationed as an speckle boy as a pre-teen, then later as a printer, journalist, and, briefly, a teacher, returning eventually to his first love and lifes workwriting. Despite the lack of extensive formal education, Whitman experienced literature, reading voraciously from the literary classics and the Bible, and was deeply influenced by Goethe, Carlyle, Emerson, and Sir Walter Scott (Introduction vii).Whitman was drawn to the nations capital roughly a year after the Civil War began, at the age of forty-three. The wounding of his brother, George Washington Whitman, who served in the Union Army, precipitated his contact with the carnage of the war. Reading the notice of his brothers injury in the New York Herald, Whitman went immediately to Falmouth, Virginia, where he found his brotherly only slightly wounded. Perpetually short-handed, Army officials asked the poet to help transport injured soldiers to depicted object hospitals in Washington. Whitman agreed, and began a mission of mercy that would occupy him from 1862 until the wars end in 1865 (Murray).Drum-Taps is the personal-historical record of Whitmans wartime occupation. Drum-Taps early poems were written prior to Whitmans contact with wounded soldiers, and betray a starkly different attitude toward the war than one finds later in the sequence . The chronologically earlier poems celebrate the feeler hostilities, expressing Whitmans early near-mindless jingoism (Norton 2130). As one progresses through the work, he finds a less energetic, sorrowful, jaded narrator who seems little like the exuberant younker who began. Understandable so, Whitman estimated that over the course of the war, he had made over 600 visits or tours, and went among from slightly 80,000 to 100,000 of the wounded and sick, as sustainer of spirit and body in some degree, in time of need (Murray).What follows is a contemporaneous review of his work that speaks of the esteem that much of the world extended Whitman as patriot and poet of Drum-Taps

Teacher Certification Requirements History :: Education Teachers Teaching Essays

instructor Certification Requirements History The first training facility for instructors dates back to 1785. Many others came about amidst 1785 and the early 1800s. It was not until the mid 1830s that these teacher preparation schools became state subsidized. In the year 1839 the first state normal school was established, two others would retrace the next year. Also, during the 1830s and 1840s, there was a movement to replace tuition schools with common schools. This created two different types of schools rural, one room school houses, and city schools (Angus). Teacher certification became a requirement in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The process of certifying teachers began primitively. Prospective teachers were required to take oral examinations conducted by local officials, commonly the principal. The purpose of these examinations was mainly to ensure that the prospective teacher was more highly educated than the oldest student atte nding the school was. Due to the shortage of teachers, the proctor of these exams make sure that almost everyone qualified. Urban boards of education had the liberty to dictate the difficulty of the entrance exams depending upon the current demand for teachers (Angus). An account from Martha Russels journal in 1868 regarding these examinations reads I feel wretched this evening and a good deal relieved as the teachers examinations came off today and I came through alive, as you see. Did better than I expectedthere were six in the class (Macneal). This goes to show that all of the examinations were not as simple where teachers were in less of a demand. In 1897 teacher certification was granted to those who graduated from college without taking any further exams in twenty-eight of the states. Due to the fact that one did not have to have their arcdegree in education to teach, only about a dozen out of the 400 colleges and universities offered teaching degrees. During this time 114 colleges and universities only offered specific courses for teachers. At the close of the nineteenth century the state supported teacher schools, or as they were more commonly called, normal schools became popular ways for teachers to be certified.

ronald reagan: a true american hero Essay -- essays research papers

Reagan A True the Statesn HeroWe will continue our quest in space. There will be more flights and morespace shuttle crews. And, yes, more volunteers.-Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan, viewed by some as a true American hero, was as stupendousas presidents can be. His dramatic speeches and down-to-earth personality makepeople proud to be American. Ronald Reagan seemed more accordingly American. He wasa patriot. Ronald Reagan cared deeply for the American people as well at theirvalues. Our dry land now felt, with Reagans assistance, united. After a nation tornapart by the tincture or war, Ronald brought the people together again. However,disaster can unite or divide a country. At a difficult time, when the Challengerexploded, Ronald Reagan inspired his nation to realize that we are modern dayexplorers, and disaster may be the price that must by paid. Certain elements in Ronalds life inclined(p) him to be an effective ruler at acritical time. Reagan did not start out as a man of politics. In circumstance, he make hisdebut as an actor. Although he never made it to Hollywood, he would often appearin grade B romance films (Fox V. 73-80.) In his early years of politics, 1964 to beexact, Ronald supported and rallied for Barry Goldwater, a republican presidentialcandidate. It was a strange twist of irony, because at the time, Reagan was an ultraliberal. This may have come from the preposterous fact that Reagan knew very littleabout politics. It was said that Barry Goldwater drew Reagan to the moreconservative side of politics. When Reagan finally began to get enthralled withpolitics, he ran for governor of California. He got take in 1966 (Fox V 90-103.)Since Reagan was very liberal in a turbulent time, he used superflous police force inevents which he deemed riots. Because of this, he was an pariah by the minoritycommunity. Since Ronald Reagan was very liberal, he had an open mind toinfluences. In his early acting years, he was a member of the Screen Actors Guild,where he wise(p) small-scale government procedures (Fox V. 73-80.) Reagan wasalso a supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who... ...h.Patriotism is soaked in his speech. He continues mentioning how the nation mustmourn their loss. Reagan acknowledges the obstacles and the challenges the crewovercame. He then mentions the names of the perished crew to commemorate theirdeath. He then gives an apology to all the school children who witnessed the tragedyon live TV. He assumes his people from the space political program have nothing to hide,and will continue to thrive in the public. I feel the president prescribed the remedyof patriotism in his speech. He wants America to be proud even in the face ofdanger. The people ate this up and generally agreed with it. (Speech)Reagans speech was to go down as one of historys best. Ironically, it wasntwritten by him. It was composed by Peggy Noonan, one of the White Houses bestspeech writers. On a personal note, I feel this speech gave a beacon of h ope to anation in need. It captivates the nations disaster and made the burden seem less. Inthe end, Regan was one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. Evenwhen hes not with us anymore, the effects that he left, both arbitrary and negative,will dwell in the belly of our nation.

ronald reagan: a true american hero Essay -- essays research papers

Reagan A True American HeroWe will continue our quest in quadriceps. There will be more(prenominal) flights and morespace shuttle crews. And, yes, more volunteers.-Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan, viewed by some as a true American hero, was as stupendousas presidents can be. His dramatic speeches and down-to-earth disposition made mountain proud to be American. Ronald Reagan seemed more then American. He wasa patriot. Ronald Reagan cared deeply for the American people as well at theirvalues. Our soil now felt, with Reagans assistance, joind. After a nation tornapart by the specter or war, Ronald brought the people together again. However,disaster can unite or divide a country. At a difficult time, when the Challengerexploded, Ronald Reagan inspired his nation to realize that we are modern dayexplorers, and disaster may be the price that must by paid. Certain elements in Ronalds life prepared him to be an effective ruler at a censorious time. Reagan did not start out as a man of pol itics. In fact, he made hisdebut as an actor. Although he never made it to Hollywood, he would often appearin grade B romance films (Fox V. 73-80.) In his early years of politics, 1964 to beexact, Ronald supported and rallied for Barry Goldwater, a republican presidentialcandidate. It was a strange twist of irony, because at the time, Reagan was an ultraliberal. This may have come from the preposterous fact that Reagan knew very littleabout politics. It was said that Barry Goldwater drew Reagan to the moreconservative side of politics. When Reagan finally began to get enthralled withpolitics, he ran for governor of California. He got elected in 1966 (Fox V 90-103.)Since Reagan was very liberal in a turbulent time, he used superflous police force inevents which he deemed riots. Because of this, he was an outcast by the minoritycommunity. Since Ronald Reagan was very liberal, he had an open intellectual toinfluences. In his early acting years, he was a member of the Screen Actors Gui ld,where he learned small-scale government procedures (Fox V. 73-80.) Reagan wasalso a supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who... ...h.patriotism is soaked in his speech. He continues mentioning how the nation mustmourn their loss. Reagan acknowledges the obstacles and the challenges the crewovercame. He then mentions the names of the perished crew to commemorate theirdeath. He then gives an self-justification to all the school children who witnessed the tragedyon live TV. He assumes his people from the space program have nothing to hide,and will continue to thrive in the public. I feel the president prescribed the remedyof patriotism in his speech. He wants America to be proud even in the face ofdanger. The people ate this up and generally agreed with it. (Speech)Reagans speech was to go down as one of historys best. Ironically, it wasntwritten by him. It was composed by Peggy Noonan, one of the White Houses bestspeech writers. On a personal note, I feel this speech gave a be acon of hope to anation in need. It captivates the nations disaster and made the burden seem less. Inthe end, Regan was one of the most prestigious leaders of the 20th century. Evenwhen hes not with us anymore, the effects that he left, both positive and negative,will dwell in the belly of our nation.

Women are responsible for the vast majority of childcare in contemporary Britain

Wo men are responsible for kidcare for a variety of reasons. Often due to the costs of private childcare, a get under ones skin staying at home plate becomes logical. Many women struggle to find convenient well salaried jobs so conclude that it is not worth holding. Another reason why the woman is often responsible may be that the family see it as only natural that the woman in the family should take care of the children. Women are comprehend as having the sort of emotional qualities necessary to nurture families and run the home (Valentine, 2001, pg 65).Also, maternal instincts are often assumed to grant women with greater ability than men when it comes to childcare. Eco-feminists see child-raring as a key experience that teaches women to be more caring and tender (Rose, 1996, pg. 26). Finally, single mothers are often left with little or no choice than to raise their child alone and rely on childcare benefits provided by the state. In the UK and North America at least, domest ic work (ho callwork and childcare for example) at bottom the heterosexual family has often been assigned to women. (Holloway and Hubbard, 2001, pg 91). For these reasons and many others women are often the sex left holding the baby.This report entrust look at how this fag affect a womans use of space, and how the negative side of this can be changed. When a woman has no outside work, her domestic restraints can drop her see her home as a prison. Mothers at home with babies crave for interactions with other adults and for time away from their home dwelling. This is where their home is no longer a place of comfort and rest but a place of domestic labour.Therefore, the structure of the nuclear family can lead to the home becoming a prison. A key observation here is that the separation of home from work cannot apply when the work of one member of the household occurs in the home place. (Holloway and Hubbard, 2001, pg 91). Leading a more domestically influenced life can change the behaviour of a person. Ardener claims Behaviour and space are mutually dependent (Rose, 1996, pg 17). Mothers working full or part time often find it hard to find a job that will accommodate their needs.Those women, who do work, work in low paid jobs within close proximity to their homes. Daily activity patterns are structured by the constraints on mobility presented by the presence of young children and the lack of access to the car. (Gregson et al. , 1997, pg 69) In society, we are surrounded by labels. A mother, for example, has the labels such as, mother, wife, daughter, sister, friend, aunt, customer, co worker, to name just a few. As we conform to what is expected of us from each of these labels our use of space can alter dramatically. A mother thinks about what is best for her child.Certain places will automatically become off limits for her as she puts the needs of her child first. For example one place the mother would not go includes smoky public houses. The employment po ssibilities, the kinds of unpaid activities undertaken and the daily activities of young women With children are defined within the social constraints imposed by the ideology of gender roles (Gregson et al. , 1997, pg 69) In order to confirm that a womans use of space is altered by childcare, mind maps can be produced and analyzed. This technique can show how well a person does or does not know an area.Certain areas would be in less detail that they view as unsafe to take children, such as subways or public houses. Other areas would be in great detail such as school routes, parks and play areas. A woman involved in childcares use of space was first altered during industrialisation, when production moved from the home into factories. The home was no longer a work place for all the family but just for one. Whereas before, cooking childcare cleaning and so on had been done on a collective basis, the communal style of living broke d have got and families became emotionally and physical ly more enclosed or privatized.The definition of home as a place separate from employment devalued the unpaid work done within it, precisely because it was not paid. (Valentine, 2001, pg 66). Being a full time carer for your own or someone elses children can be a lonely experience. Children are unable to hold the intelligent level of conversation that a woman will crave. McDowell, 1999, explains how housework can be in worse conditions than paid work. It is an isolating experience and that it should be recognised for the amount of character and hard work that it requires.It is up to now harder for a woman whose family has been out all day at school and work, while she has done the unpaid work of the house, for love, not money. The very large volume of men work away from their homes and return there for rest and recreation For Fathers and children alike these hours away from home bring new contacts, recreation such as clubs camps and games, as well as more serious interests. But i n general the mother stays at home. (Spring Rice, cited in McDowell, 1999, Pg 74) Following the Second human race War, the nuclear family took priority in house building. This was in hope of regaining, The sanctity of family life. Valentine, 2001, pg 66).The designers and governments wanted to encourage this style of housing following the war because, They were touch on about falling birth rates and argued that improved housing would persuade more women to have children and remove the temptation of outside work. (Valentine, 2001, pg 66). As narration tells, it did not work out this way. Women have fought their way to better maternity rights so that child bearing does not mean they do not occupy a career or outside interests. Despite this, the nuclear house is still popular on the market with a rise of single apartments.

Global Warming And Human Security In Ghana Environmental Sciences Essay

Africa is one of the most defenseless set forths in the universe to orbicular warm. This exposure and the restrictions of poor states to accommodate to world(a) warm challenges were highlighted in humor smorgasbord 2001, the Third Assessment Report of the Inter political Panel on humour flip-flop ( IPCC ) . The study established how human activity ( blast dodo fuels and rescripts in knowledge base-use ) is modifying the terrestrial mood, with temperature rises projected for the quest 100 old ages that could allude human mankind assistance and the environment.The historical mood record for Africa shows agitate up of about 0.7AC over most of the continent during the 20th century a lessening in rainfall over big parts of the Sahel and watt Africa and an plus in rainfall in other parts of Africa.gold coast is non exempted from the hazards of these recent alterations in worldwide Warming and alterations in conditions forms. Although the government activity is maki ng frank to decrease the consequence of planetary Warming, Gganaians and most signifi finishtly local natives have been left behind in the consciousness and engagement in both finis and execution of clime alteration policies and patterns. The visual modality recommends the engagement of local people and an asset in mood alteration information airing to educate the public on steps to view as the consequence of Global Warming on human security, saving of H2O organic structures and the state s flora screen..Chapter ONEIntroduction1.1 backcloth to the ProblemM some(prenominal) scientists, sparing experts and policy shapers now agree that the universe is confronting a menace from clime heating. The grade of the impact and its distri plainlyion is still debated. catamenia grounds suggests that states in temperate and polar locations may profit from little stinting advantages because extra heating ordain profit their agricultural sectors. Many states in tropical and sub-tropical parts are expected to be more vulnerable to warming because extra heating will impact their marginal H2O rest period and harm their agricultural sectors. However, small research has been done on tropical states, so small is known about the extent of these amendss. The job is expected to be most terrible in Africa where current information is the poorest, technological alteration has been the slowest, and the domestic economical systems depend to a great extent on agribusiness. African husbandmans have adapted a certain sum of clime divergence, and climate alteration may good coerce big parts of fringy agribusiness out of growthion in Africa. The agribusiness sector is a major subscriber to the current economic system of most African states, averaging 21 % and runing from 10 % to 70 % of the GDP.Even without clime alteration, thither are sound concerns about agribusiness in Africa because of H2O supply variableness, dirt debasement, and repeating drought events. A figure of s tates face semi- dried conditions that make agribusiness challenging. Further, cultivation feats have been peculiarly hard to prolong. African agribusiness has the slowest record of productiveness step-up in the universe. Experts are concerned that the agribusiness sector in Africa will be particularly sensitive to future clime alteration and any rundown in climate variableness. The current clime is already fringy with regard to precipitation in umpteen parts of Africa. Further warming in these semi- arid locations is likely to be lay waste toing to agriculture at that place. Even in the moist Torrid Zones, increased heat is expected to cut surmount harvest outputs. Agronomic surveies suggest that outputs could fall rather dramatically in the absence of dearly-won version steps. The current agriculture engineering is basic, and incomes low, proposing that husbandmans will grip few options to accommodate. Soon, publicsubstructure such as roads, long-run conditions prognosiss, and agricultural research and extension are unequal to procure appropriate version. Unfortunately, none of the existential surveies of clime impacts in Africa have explored what versions would be efficient for either African husbandmans or African authoritiess. This is a serious lack in African impact research, given the importance of efficient version.Although in that location are well-established concerns about clime alteration cause in Africa, there is small quantitative information refering how serious these effects will be. These theoretical accounts show that Africa is the most vulnerable continent in the universe to climate alteration.1.3 Statement of the ProblemIn recent times, clime alteration has run short important in the lives of ordinary people in gold coast and has become a topic of concern for turn toing socio-economic issues in Ghana. It has become so of import that several seminars and workshops have been held in Ghana to educate and research into issues of clim e alteration. Surveies have shown that the consequence of clime alteration will come back at a increasingly faster rate if disciplinary steps are non put in topographic point. Research findings besides indicate that clime alteration could hold an impact on human and socio-economic security. It is besides of import to observe that Ghana would be one of the states to be hardest hit by the effects of clime alteration though it contributes really small to it. Surveies have besides shown that the clime alteration would hold impacts on GDPs of most agricultural based economic systems. Despite the significance of clime alteration to Ghana and its socio economic sciences small research has been done on the estimated impact on the ordinary Ghanaian and the large economic sciences of the state.We need to happen out the jobs at interest, of important concern are, the nature of clime alteration in Ghana, the impact of clime alteration on homosexual and socio economic security.1.4 Aims of th e StudyThe chief aims of the survey is to analyze the nature of clime alteration in Ghana, the impact of clime alteration on homo and socio economic security. The research is aimed at specifically turn toing the chaseNature of clime alteration in Ghana.The impact of clime alteration on gentle security.The impact of clime alteration on socio-economic security.Solutions or extenuation of the impact of clime alteration.1.5 Beginnings of Data and MethodologyThis subdivision will foreground the process and methods utilize in the research work. These consist of research design, country of survey, population sample and trying techniques, instruments for informations aggregation, method of informations aggregation and analyses of informations.1.5.1 Research DesignThe research design choose for this survey is descriptive. In this survey nevertheless a combination of instance survey and causal comparative designs were employed. This enabled the research to do usage of extended docudrama informations juxtaposed against the responses of administered questionnaires.1.5.2 Area of StudyThe research covered the Sakumono Area. Sakumono is located in the coastal portion of Greater capital of Ghana Region. The country of survey is along the Accra Tema beach route. Its length is stretches 20km apart. The Sakumono country is populated by fishermen and vege remand husbandmans and until late a important figure of urban inhabitants.1.5.3 Sample and Sampling TechniqueA entire figure of 100 individuals dwelling of 20 fishermen, 20 fishwifes, 20 husbandmans, 20 market freehanded females, 10 craftsmen and 10 grownup females with assorted trades participated in the survey. To guarantee the unity of relevant features like age, sex, matrimonial position and business, stratified random sampling technique was used for choice of the sample population. The population of tralatitious trades was root worded into fishermen and fishwifes, husbandmans and market Sellerss and other handed-d own trades. This technique ensured that all bomber groups ( fishermen, fishwifes, husbandmans, market Sellerss, and other traditional trades ) were adequately represented.1.5.4 Instrument for Data CollectionA questionnaire was used for informations aggregation. The questionnaire was designed in two parts, the first portion contained information on biographic informations of the respondents. The biographical information consists of age, sex, matrimonial position and figure of kids. The second portion consists of a 14 point questionnaire grouped into 5 classs with sub points in each class. The research inquiries were used to beg information from the respondents on the followers cosmopolitan cognition of the jobs of clime alteration.Impact of clime alteration on wellness and wellbeing.Impact of clime alteration on work end product. judge action by policy shapers and authoritiess to relieve theimpact of clime alteration.1.6 Significance of StudyClimate alteration is a menace to humanity , and to Ghana as a developing state the impacts are far making. The survey would be good to locals, kids in Sakumono, the fishermen, market common people, the territory assembly, estate contractors, the authorities and Non-Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) . Finally the survey will lean as a base mention for farther academic surveies.1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study1.7.1 ScopeThis research was based on grownups with traditional trades inside the Sakumono country. It besides focused on interviews with experts in the field of clime alteration.1.7.2 RestrictionThe research work was confronted with some challenges during the survey. The first job was that respondents were skeptical as to the grounds for the research. Some people thought it was information assemblage for relocation. After the necessary account and confidence from the research worker the respondents began to collaborate but at a point started training for some pecuniary wages for replying the questionnaires. Th e research worker besides found it hard measuring needful paperss from the metrological air division of Ghana since they were unavailable.1.8 Literature ReviewIn this subdivision a aggregation of constructs aimed to reexamine the critical points of current cognition in clime alteration has been canvass based on the survey aims. These constructs are secondary beginnings, and as such, do non describe any new or original findings.1.8.1 Nature of Climate ChangeClimate alteration is fast turning to be one of the top issues that resonate in all corridors of intercession that actuate human endurance and development. human race endurance is bit by bit been disturbed by the changing of the conditions which to many people is as a consequence of human activities. From worlds to livestock bothone is bear upon by the changing of the conditions. The conditions is going warmer and doing intolerable conditions to human endurance. Water organic structures, agribusiness and energy are earnestl y been affected.Climate alteration has consequently become a planetary issue that requires a planetary response. The scientific discipline tells us that emanations have the same effects from wherever they arise. The deduction for the economic sciences is that this is clearly and unequivocally an external corporate action job with all the attendant troubles of bring forthing consistent action and of avoiding free equitation. It is a job necessitating international cooperation and leading.On the African scene, many analysts have noticed that the continent has contributed small to planetary clime alteration. Harmonizing to Camilla Toulmin, Africa has contributed really small to Global Warming. The nature of Climate Change and the gaolbreakability of African states wets that African states will be negatively affected by agribusiness, land and immanent resources.1.8.2 The Impact of Climate Change on Human SecurityClimate alteration will impact the basic elements of life for people ar ound the universe entree to H2O, nutrient production, wellness, and the environment. Hundreds of 1000000s of people could dwell hunger, H2O deficits and coastal implosion therapy as the universe warms, both bit good as high degrees of poorness and hapless administration has made Africa peculiarly vulnerable to the effects of clime alteration. Climate alteration will ensue in deficit of resources for human ingestion this may trip struggle in the midst of and within states, as resources and safe topographic points become scarcer, and catastrophes destroy supports, increasing the figure of migrators and refugees. For illustration, Edward, Shankar and Sergenti explicate how deficits in seasonal rains that result in drouth and economic hurt addition the likeliness of civil war by up to 50 % . Again At that meeting Margaret Beckett, UK s Foreign Secretary, warned about migration on an unprecedented graduate table due to deluging, disease and dearth. She besides said that drouth and h arvest failure could do intensified competition for nutrient, H2O and energy. It is about our corporate security in a fragile and progressively mutually beneficial universe, she said. Climate alteration besides has major economic deductions. Harmonizing OBrien with clime alteration, human security in one topographic point or for one group is progressively linked to the actions and results of others possible struggles happening between nutrient and fuel production in competition for land and other resources and in the publicity of bio-fuels and other extenuation steps.Stern farther indicates that the investing that supports topographic point in the following 10 -20 old ages will hold a profound consequence on the clime in the 2nd half of this century and in the following. But if the degree of apathy shown by most states persist it would be obvious in the coming decennaries, could make hazards of major break to economic and societal activity, on a graduated table similar to those associated with the great wars and the economic depression of the first half of the twentieth century. And it will be hard or impossible to change by about-face these alterations.1.8.3 The Impact of Climate Change on Socio-Economic SecuritySocio-economic factors of any state is fundamentally of its indispensable services such H2O, nutrient, adjustment and energy. These are what most regrettably has become straight impacted by Global Warming. Harmonizing to Margaret Beckett, UK s Foreign Secretary, warned about migration on an unprecedented graduated table due to deluging, disease and dearth. She besides said that drouth and harvest failure could do intensified competition for nutrient, H2O and energy. It is about our corporate security in a fragile and progressively mutualist universe, she said. Climate alteration besides has major economic deductions. Harmonizing to a 2006 study by Sir Nicholas Stern the costs of accommodating to climate alteration could be every bit much as 10 % of universe economic end product.1.8.4 Extenuation to the Impact of Global WarmingAs noticed by Sachs ( 2008 ) the attempt in turn toing Global Warming needs prompt and strong action. Because clime alteration is a planetary job, the response to it must be international. It must be based on a divided up vision of long-run ends and understanding on models that will speed up action over the following decennary, and it must construct on reciprocally reenforcing attacks at national, regional and international degree.Furthermore, Stern ( 2009 ) estimates that if the universe does non move on holding the badness of Global Warming the overall costs and hazards of clime alteration will be tantamount to losing at least 5 % of planetary GDP each yr. If a wider scene of hazards and impacts is taken into story, the estimations of harm could lift to 20 % of GDP or more. This surely will be a intensifying suffering to already reeling and weak economic system position of most African states including GhanaIn contrast, planetary economic analysts have besides estimated that the costs of action for cut downing babys room gas emanations to avoid the worst impacts of clime alteration could be limited to around 1 % of planetary GDP each yr.It has been suggested by Wangari ( 2004 ) that the usage of traditional cognition could be a great replacement in covering with Global Warming. Traditional cognition can be seen as that which emerges from the interaction amongst persons and between persons and their environment, ensuing in a merchandise, which has been formed and transformed by the society itself. The cognition, which is a societal concept, harmonizing to is culturally specific and has its distinguishable features, It is embedded in societal value, beliefs or norms, expressed in narratives, traditional music and other cultural activities.Local cognition that addresses climate alteration can be made from triad types of information Accrued cultural cognition, Knowledge m odified through contact with other civilizations, and progressive acquisition of the environment. Autochthonal Peoples have historically played an diligent function in the preservation of eco-systems important to the bar of clime change.. Traditional norms and regulations have it that some yearss are prohibit for the harvest home of fuel timberland in these forest channels. These steps go a long manner to let the forest to retrieve and make the status for the forest to function as a C sink to attend Global Warming. Sacred grooves or countries are shitly associated with cultural rites, such as rainmaking. Members of the community are prohibited from executing certain activities in them, including hunting, assemblage, wood film editing, cultivating, graze, etc. Taboo yearss and the establishment of local Torahs on hunting and fishing have helped to conserve biodiversity.1.8.5 turn onling to a Low-Carbon Global EconomyAnother of import measure needed to undertake Global Warming i s by following the cognition in locomotion to a low-carbon planetary economic system. The first is carbon pricing, through revenue erectment, emanations trading or ordinance, so that people are faced with the full societal costs of their actions. The purpose should be to construct a common planetary C monetary value across states and sectors.Secondary, Simon ( 2007 ) contend that there is the demand to hold a comprehensive policy on engineering to drive the development and deployment at graduated table of a scope of low-carbon and high-efficiency merchandises. And the 3rd is action to take barriers to energy efficiency, and to inform, educate and carry persons about what they can make to react to climate alteration.Additionally, Ogata & A Sen ( 2003 ) have observed that action on clime alteration will make important concern chances, as new markets are created in low-carbon energy engineerings and other low-carbon goods and services. These markets could turn to be deserving 100s of one billion millions of dollars each twelvemonth, and employment in these sectors will spread out consequently. The concluding thought would be to undertake clime alteration is the pro-growth scheme for the longer term, and it can be done in a manner that does non crest the aspirations for growing of rich or hapless states.1.9 Agreements of ChaptersChapter one of the survey, comprise of the debut, which provides a brief punctuate of the survey, the statement of the job every bit good as the significance of the survey. It besides outlines the general aims of the survey, the methodological analysis used for informations assemblage and analysis every bit good as a replete of literature refering the survey country.The 2nd chapter offers a comprehensive overview of the survey country, measuring the chief issues concerned which include international conventions protocols and pacts, challenges of clime alteration docket, the stairss taken to cut downing the impact of Global Warming and a situational instance of Global Warming in Ghana.Chapter trey elaborates on both primary and secondary informations collected which entails presentation of facts and analysis of research results. The last chapter ( chapter four ) outlines the drumhead, decision and recommendations of the survey.ENDNOTESChapter TWOOVERVIEW OF STUDY AREA2.1 Definitions2.1.1 Global WarmingGlobal Warming is the regional or global-scale alterations in historical clime forms originating from natural and/or semisynthetic causes and ensuing in both intermittent but progressively frequent, utmost impacts ( e.g. big storms and heat moving ridges ) and slow on-set, permeant, cumulative effects ( e.g. extinction of life signifiers and sea degree rise ) ( Simon, 2007 ) climate alteration involves the interactions of many systems, such as the ambiance, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, every bit good as the human systems. In this survey Global Warming will be used interchangeably with clime alteration.2. 1.2 Environmental securityEnvironmental security is the protection of people from short- and long-run depredations of nature, semisynthetic menaces to nature, and impairment of the natural environment.2.1.3 HazardA jeopardy is a potentially detrimental physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may do loss of life or hurt, belongings harm, societal and economic break or environmental debasement ( UN/ISDR, 2004 ) .2.1.4 Human securityHuman security is the protection of the critical nucleus of all human lives in ship canal that enhance human freedoms and fulfilment ( Ogata & A Sen, 2003 ) the security of persons, their supports, and human rights including economic security, nutrient security, wellness security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security.2.2 International principles, Protocols and TreatiesThe demand for international Conventions, Protocols and Treaties mostly is based on the fact that all states will be affected by alteration in clime. The most vulnerable, the poorest states and Populations will hold on earliest and most, even though they have contributed least to the causes of clime alteration. The international convention puts a duty and committedness to every individual state to append in little manner to cut downing the impact of the Global Warming.Since the consciousness of Global Warming took centre phase in planetary treatment there has been hosts of conventions, protocols and pacts that country geared towards sustainable development and environmental understandings. The 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, offers a roadmap towards sustainable development. Chapter 24, entitled Global Action for Women towards Sustainable Development , calls upon authoritiess to extinguish all obstructions to adult females s full engagement in sustainable development and public lifeAt the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, the importance of go vernmental committedness towards the decrease of activities that result in Global Warming was reaffirmed. The Convention to Combat Desertification ( UNCCD, 1994 ) most clearly recognizes the function of adult females in rural supports and encourages the full engagement of adult females and work advertizes in the execution of the convention. The UNCCD stresses the of import function played by adult females in parts affected by desertification and/or drouth, peculiarly in rural countries in developing states. Although the 1992 Convention on Biodiversity recognizes preservation and sustainable usage of biological diversenessThe following convention to be looked at is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , which acknowledge the full engagement of husbandmans and pastoral rural folks. Additionally, the Kyoto Protocol, that outlines decreases in nursery grass instituted inter-governmental dialogues under the UNFCCC are germinating around the cardinal countries extenu ation, version, engineering and finance. At the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference ( COP13 ) in Bali, dialogues began for the post-Kyoto government ( 2012 and beyond ) .2.3 Stairss to Reduce the Impact of Global WarmingStates confronting diverse fortunes will utilize different attacks to do their part to undertaking clime alteration. But action by single states is non plenty. Each state, nevertheless big, is merely a portion of the job. It is indispensable for states to hold a shared international vision of long-run ends. The undermentioned stairss as outlined provide a really utile suggestion to planetary policy shapers in their move to outline a policy for universe to followExpanding and associating the turning figure of emanations merchandising strategies around the universe is a powerful manner to advance cost-efficient decreases in emanations and to convey forward action in developing states strong marks in rich states could drive flows amounting to 10s of one mill ion millions of dollars each twelvemonth to back up the passage to low-carbon development waies.Informal co-ordination every bit good as formal understandings can hike the effectivity of investings in excogitation around the universe. Globally, support for energy R & A D should at least dual, and support for the deployment of new low-carbon engineerings should increase up to five-fold. International co- operation on merchandise criterions is a powerful manner to hike energy efficiency.The loss of natural woods around the universe contributes more to planetary emanations each twelvemonth than the conveyance sector. Controling deforestation is a extremely cost-efficient manner to cut down emanations big scale international pilot programmes to research the best ways to make this could acquire afoot really rapidly.The poorest states are most vulnerable to climate alteration. It is indispensable that clime alteration be to the full integrated into development policy, and that rich sta tes honour their pledges to increase support through abroad development aid.2.4 Global Warming in GhanaGhana lies on the West slide of Africa with a Population of about 25million. The entire land country of Ghana is 238,539km2. Agribusiness represents the most of import land usage type in footings of its spacial coverage. Agribusiness in the wood takes up more than 75 % of the land while in the northern savannas the coverage is between 50 and 60 % . closely 11 % of the land country of Ghana is under preservation.Whiles at that place has non been a important happening of natural catastrophes compared to other Asiatic and African states there are still pockets of instabilities as a consequence of the emerging issue of climate alteration. The most detrimental impacts to climate alteration for Ghana has been to H2O resources, agribusiness, and drouths. well-nigh 80 % of Ghana s population depends on Agriculture for a life. Agribusiness in Ghana is extremely vulnerable to climate alte ration variableness and long term clime Change which would ensue in a higher nutrient monetary values, lower domestic grosss and broadening of current history shortages due to lower export net incomes together with increased rising prices and increased external liability ( Zaragoza, 2005 Namikat, 2005 )Ghana s environment and cardinal natural resources have been progressively threatened by intensifying and unsustainable force per unit areas from fast turning population, spread outing agricultural and industrial activities and rapid urbanisation. matchless other major issue associated with biodiversity in Ghana is the loss of home ground and the depletion of biological resources. Persistent development of the Savannah has resulted in widespread debasement. set flora and dirts hold about 40 % of all the C stored in tellurian ecosystems. Release of C as a consequence of deforestation contributes to planetary clime alteration. The grounds of Global Warming in Ghana is clear in the face of a reduced rainfall, increase temperature and vaporization in wry countries, Frequent drouth enchantments taking to terrible H2O deficit, Change in seting day of the months of one-year harvests, Increased fungous eruptions and insect infestations due to alterations in temperature and humidness, Decrease in forest country and country under cultivation and Increased potency of malaria transmittal and loads on the state s wellness attention system.A national Committee on Climate Change is hosted by the Ministry of Environment. This commission has the authorization of reexamining policies and plans to complement national precedences and contribute to decrease of nursery gas emanations and an addition in C sinks. The Ministry is the focal point for UNFCCC activities ( Agyeman-Bonsu, 2007a ) .Ghana signed the UNFCCC in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The Convention entered intoforce globally on 21 March 1994 and specifically for Ghana on December 5, 1995, three months after Ghana ratifie d the Convention. In 2002, Ghana s Parliament passed a declaration to sign the Kyoto Protocol ( KP ) and the KP entered into force globally on 16 February 2005 ( Agyeman-Bonsu, 2007b )ENDNOTESChapter THREEEvaluation OF DATA3.1 Presentation of DatasA sum of 100 respondents took portion in this survey, consisting of 20 ( 20 ) representatives from each of the followers fishermen, fishwifes, husbandmans, market adult females. There were besides were ten ( 10 ) craftsmen and 10s ( 10 ) adult females with assorted trades participated in the survey. The chief thought for placing the respondents above, recognized the above mentioned professions are chiefly been assiduous by the citizens and by gender, the survey intend to set up the degree of exposure between work forces and adult females. The causes of Global Warming, impacts and how each of the identified group of respondents react to Global Warming in footings of energy wellness, H2O and life conditions.3.2 Biographic InformationFor equ al gender representation, an equal figure of 50 were drawn from both males and females for the survey.Table 1. Sexual activity of RespondentsMalesNumber RespondentsFemalesNumber RespondentsFishermans20Fishmongers20Farmers20Market adult females20Craftsmans20Womans in Trades10Sum50503.3 Age distribution of respondentsThe mean age among the male respondents is 40 with that of females being 49. Most of the work forces ( 60 % of male respondents ) were aged(a) above 35 whilst for the female respondents about 70 per centum were aged above 35.3.4 Marital positionRefering the matrimonial position of the respondents, 60 per centum of fishermen were conjoin, 15 per centum had divorced, and 10 per centum were besides widow. On a similar note, more husbandmans were said they were married ( 85 % ) , 10 per centum were widowed but 5 per centum were divorced. Among the craftsmen interviewed, more than half ( 60 % ) said they had married, none had experienced divorced but 40 per centum had nee r married.On the portion of the female respondents, 80 per centum of the fishwifes, 70 per centum of market adult females and 50 per centum of adult females in trades said they were married. Besides, 10 per centum of fishwifes, 20 per centum of market adult females and adult females in trades had experienced divorced. More adult females in trades ( 30 % ) have neer married and besides more of such adult females were widowed compared to the remainder of the respondents.Table 1 Marital Status of RespondentsProfessionMarried%Divorced%Never Married%Widowed%Fishermans1260315210315Farmers17851500210Craftmen660004400Fishmongers16802101115Market adult females147042000210Womans in trades5502203300Sum70121083.5 General cognition of the jobs of clime alterationThe survey enquired signifier respondents their cognition about clime alteration. It was revealed that more of males ( 46 % male respondents were assured of clime alteration ) were cognizant of the planetary consent to climate alter the attempts of change by reversaling the tendency than female respondents ( 30 % of females respondents were cognizant of clime alteration ) .Figure 1. Awareness of Climate Change CampaignIn all merely 38 per centum of the respondents indicated their consciousness to climate alteration run. Despite their ignorance about the run, most of the male respondents were cognizant of the jobs climate alteration is doing, mentioning among other things, hot conditions.3.6 Impact of clime alteration on wellness and good being60 per centum of female respondents complained of frequent wellness jobs but merely 46 % of male respondents said they have noticed alterations in wellness related jobs. More fishermen ( 65 % ) reported that the rate of trial to hospital hold increased in recent times. This is followed by adult females in trades, where 50 % indicated of frequent wellness jobs. On the general wellbeing of the people interviewed, a pouncing proportion of females ( 90 % ) complained of economic adversity as a consequence of less gross revenues and lower incomes. Besides, about 55 % of males interviewed complained that there has been recent economic adversity as a consequence of decrease in end product of work.3.7 Impact of clime alteration on work end productFrom the survey, 60 % female respondents indicated that productiveness has enormously reduced. As one adult female commented bad conditions affects the fish we can catch . Less fish caught affect the gross revenues and gross of fishwifes, which finally reduces incomes for families. Craftsmans and adult females in unidentified trade both complained of deficit of gross revenues marks.3.8 Expected action by policy shapers and authoritiess to extenuate the impact of clime alterationThe survey farther wanted to happen out the expected actions locals expect from authoritiess and policy shapers with respect to climate alteration. The consequence were that 55 % of entire respondents said their positions as locals and native s needed to be sought when outlining any national policy. Respondents who presumptively are at the closest to the creative activity and billing of clime alteration are non included in policy and decision-making. About 20 % said they wanted authorities to demo more commitment to any policy drafted and shoot more financess towards climate direction.3.9 Pictures demoing the impact of Global Warming on the Sakumono LagoonThe images in Appendix B seek to reenforce the points that Global Warming is impacting human and economic security in Ghana. The captioned exposure depicts assorted cases and conditions back uping this averment.Chapter FOURSUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION4.1 DrumheadThe activities of few fabrication and agricultural industries in Ghana consequences in high-carbon coevals that has negative effects on clime alteration. Alternate low-carbon emanations that would non cut down economic growing could be used where available.It has been established that positive state s account for 80 % of planetary emanations lending to the depletion of the ozone bed. The necessary force per unit area could be put on states most responsible for green admit concentration in the ambiance to cut down their emanations significantly.The research found out that ordinances on land usage was loose and those who degrade land travel unpunished. Methods could be devised to better land direction of ecological sites to conserve biodiversity, peculiarly in wetland countries.There no local engagement in protection and direction of the Sakumono laguna and its environments. The Autochthonal people could be included in the preservation of eco-systems through the usage of local imposts to forestall clime alteration.Thirty-eight per centum of the respondents were non cognizant of the impacts of Global Warming and could non entree and utilize day-to-day conditions prognosiss of the Meteorological Department. The usage of local idioms could be used to better conditions information d istribution.The research established that 67 % the respondents were non adequately accommodated and were at hazard of the conditions. Housing strategies on flexible footings could be provided to locals who can non afford equal lodging.Waste disposal at the Sakumono Lagoon and its environ were undercover and set in topographic points that threatened the endurance of the laguna with its vegetations and zoologies. Existing environmental ordinances on waste disposal could be enforced.The respondents reported 89 % frequent contraction of respiratory diseases in the past 5 old ages. health installations could be extended to the locals particularly those prone to these diseases ( the aged and kids ) .The research established that there were no co-ops supplying fiscal and other signifiers of support for the hapless land-dwellers, fishermen and market adult females. Cooperatives could be formed to supply fiscal and other signifiers of support to the locals in the Sakumono general country. Eighty-five per centum of respondents use wood coal or firewood for cookery intents. The debut of reasonably monetary value gas could cut down addiction on wood coal and firewood.4.2 DecisionGhana is vulnerable and delicate to climate alteration depends chiefly as a consequence of less governmental committedness and deficiency of information to the chief participants of the environment. This is coupled with institutional failings and this could take to serious impact on wellness, nutrient, H2O and endurance of its citizen in decennaries in front.4.3 RecommendationsThe authorities and municipal assemblies in Climate Change extenuation should concentrate on alternate low C development and usage, that does non cut down economic growing.On international platforms and during international conventions the authorities should set the necessary force per unit area on states most responsible for green house concentration in the ambiance to cut down emanations significantly.Industries in Ghan a, both fabrication and agricultural should follow emanation decrease hammerions where available.The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources in concurrence with municipal assemblies should invent steps to better land direction of ecological sites to conserve biodiversity, peculiarly in our wetland countries.There is the demand to name for multi sectorial attack to a sustainable development scheme of the environment which recognizes the engagement of Autochthonal people because of their historical engagement as active participants in the preservation of eco-systems important to the bar of clime alteration.The Meteorological Department should set up improved conditions prediction and information distribution.The authorities, municipal assemblies and non-governmental administrations should assist the autochthonal and hapless population at hazard to in effect get by with high temperature extremes and fickle rainfall forms. This can be done by supplying strategies to supply places with better insularity and aeration, against utmost heat and cold conditions every bit good as offer other building betterments.The Environmental Protection Council should implement ordinances on waste disposal.The Ghana Health Service should be active in the proviso of timely wellness support for susceptible people.Banks and NGOs should provide for and beef up concerted establishments to let hapless land-dwellers, fishermen and market adult females to portion the costs associated with market engagement.The Ministry of Energy should hasten and regulate the proviso of domestic gas.

The Painted Door Theme Essay

James Sinclair Ross was a Canadian banker as well as an author. He was most well-known for his short stories set on the Canadian prairies. In Ross short story The variegated ingress, Ann and her husband tooshie live on a farm in Saskatchewan in the 1800s. go a snow behave is approaching, washstand leaves for his fathers farm to help him look after the chores, leaving Ann by herself in the coerce. The theme of The Painted Door is isolation leads to absurdity and misery. This can be seen in the characterization of Ann throughout the story, the isolated consideration of their farm, and the symbolism of the storm.Throughout The Painted Door Ann struggles with an versed conflict as a result of her feelings of isolation. These emotions atomic number 18 not only present because of the isolated setting in which the story takes place, alone also due to the loneliness caused by the distance between her and John in their conjugal union. John focuses on his work far too much for he r liking and their communication skills have become less(prenominal) than satisfactory. As she looks out at the land she begins to feel lonely, and those emotions only increase as John leaves her alone to battle her conscience when he travels to his fathers farm.When Steven, Johns close friend, arrives to play cards and to keep her company, Ann begins to compare him to John to determine the better man. Ann thinks about Steven as she tends to the fire and makes observations such as, His copper was dark and trim, his young lips curved soft and full. While John, she made the comparison swiftly, was thick-set, heavy-jowled, and stooped. (page 204) Her comparisons of the two men in a back and forth fashion in effect display how conflicted Ann is as she is caught in a battle between her mind and her heart.Her descriptions of Steven make him appear to be more attractive and a gentleman, while John is the man she married, but has had trouble communicating with. As Ann compares the two men, she uses Stevens positive attributes and Johns flaws to convince herself that Steven is a better man. Her reasoning leads to her irrational plectrum to cheat on John with Steven, which can be seen as a reason for Johns death when he left the offer during the storm with no intention of returning after catching the two of them.Anns isolation led to her making an irrational decision that ruined her marriage and will cause her to be even more lonely and miserable without John, the man she loves. The setting of The Painted Door is described in such a way that it enhances the feelings of isolation and misery in the story. Certain imagery is used to create vivid pictures in the indorsers mind to inspire emotions of loneliness. The setting is often described as very cold, or as barren and empty. The sun was risen above the frost mists now, so keen and hard a glitter on the snow that instead of warmth its rays seemed shedding cold (page 190).In this section of the story, Ross uses words that symbolize happiness, such as sun and warmth, but certain words can be connected to isolation, such as frost and cold. By relating both the Earth and the sky to such chilled words, the imagery leaves the reader feeling as though they are trapped along with Ann in her isolation. Another example of isolation in the setting is, She shivered, but did not turn. In the clear, bitter light the long white miles of prairie landscape seemed a region alien to life. Even the distant farmsteads she could see serves only to intensify a consciousness of isolation (190).This portrays the area that they live in as very empty since their nearest neighbours are miles across the snow, giving Ann no one to go to when she is alone. These feelings of isolation and misery are what are constantly weighing on Anns shoulders throughout the story and lead to her irrational thoughts and decisions later on, such as her choice to sleep with Steven. The snowstorm that occurs during The Painted Door gradually builds over the course of the story and can be seen as a symbol for Anns inner conflict.The storm in the story is also Anns enemy in a person vs.nature conflict, separating her from her husband and isolating her from the rest of the world. The stormier it becomes, the more Ann becomes eject off from the outside world. The storm separates her from John for a long time and because of this, Ann considers things that she normally wouldnt, such as having an affair with her husbands best friend. These extreme conditions are the driving force behind Anns irrational thoughts. As the story progresses and she spends more time alone, Anns thoughts and worries begin to build up.The way the storm is described in the story, the reader can infer that the same turmoil is also present in Anns mind. By describing the storm as eventual(prenominal) fury, blustering and furious, and insane and dominant these phrases can also be related to Anns ever changing thoughts about John. While the storm worsen s, Ann becomes closer to committing her sin. As the storm reaches its peak, Ann gives in to her emotions and sleeps with Steven. The storm wrenched at the walls as if to make them buckle in. So rigid and desperate were all her muscles set, withstanding, that the room more or less her seemed to swim and reel.So rigid and strained that for relief at last, despite herself, she raised her head and met his eyes again. (page 209) In the meantime, unknown to her, John is battling the storm to keep his look to to return to her. As Ann wakes up afterwards, the storm slowly dies down, leaving a path of regret, guilt, and misery behind it. The stormy, isolated conditions of the setting and in her mind are the driving force behind her irrational decision to sleep with Steven and the misery that followed her choice. Isolation can be the reasoning behind irrationality and misery, and in The Painted Door, there are no exceptions.Anns inner conflict making her choose between her husband and Steve n, the loneliness of the setting that seemed to trap her, and the storm that symbolized the thoughts and emotions inwardly of her were all forms of isolation that led Ann to irrational actions. Had she stopped to think about where her thoughts were going, perhaps Ann would not have let her isolation affect her rationality. Then John would still be alive and she would not feel the guilt, misery, and loneliness that followed her decision.

Piracy Protections in Entertainment Venues

At issue in the twenty-first century is the trade-off between the essential of writers, musicians, artists, and movie studios to profit from their work and the free flow of ideas for the public benefit. Movie (and music) industry participants claim that encryption programs be necessary to prevent piracy. Others, however, including the defendants in cases such as Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F. 3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001), argue that the law should at least allow purchasers of movies, music, and books in digital form to make limited copies for upright use.Piracy is a long debated issue, expressly in the entertainment industry. It is argued that encryption programs are necessary to prevent piracy, protecting the rights of artists as well as carrefourion agents. insofar, an outstanding query on this matter still remains the question of public benefit and free flowing ideas for purchasers wanting limited copies in digital form. Yet the rights of the artists and producers still remains leaving the question of copyright violation, the idea behind encryption is valid but only to a certain(p) aspect.Piracy will non be able to be brought to an end so hastily as long as the motivation to do so still remains, that is the real enigma behind this debate. The purchasers should be allowed to make a limited number of copies as a fair use policy. If a purchaser fairly buys rights to a product they should be allowed to make copies for themselves via modes of laptop and other digital other issues relating to the consumer as well, which may result in this idea to be more counterproductive preferably of beneficial.Instead of using encryption it may be more productive in the long run to educate purchasers of a product about piracy. The costs of products such as DVDs and BLU-RAY copies has steadily increased causing a lot of consumers to make do with cheaper and pirated versions of products. As a user of these products this is something that resonates deeply. Many companies are beginning to include Digital HD with the purchase of a product meaning that a user receives a redemption code that in turn allows them to download digital copies for personal use.Therefore if someone were to purchase a copy of a product it would be beneficial to all parties involved to come to a certain agreement maintaining the balance of rights for both groups. Allowing rights of digital copies to paying users helps maintain balance and benefits all parties involved solving the issue of copyright violation for producers and artists and fair use to the consumers who purchase the product.

Glen Mount Furniture Company Essay

password Questions1. Such analysis allows the firm to determine at what aim of operations it will break even and to explore the relationship between volume, costs, and profits.2. A utility is in a st subject, predictable industry and therefore drive out afford to use more financial leverage than an automobile company, which is generally subject to the influences of the business cycle. An automobile manufacturer may not be able to service a large amount of debt when there is a downturn in the economy.3. A labour-intensive company will have low meliorate costs and a correspondingly low break-even leg. However, the affect of operating leverage on the firm is small and there will be little elaboration of profits as volume increases. A capital-intensive firm, on the other hand, will have a high break-even point and enjoy the positive influences of operating leverage as volume increases.4. For break-even analysis based on accounting flows, amortization is considered part of fixed costs. For cash flow purposes, it is eliminated from fixed costs.The accounting flows perspective is longer-term in nature because we must consider the problems of equipment replacement.5. Both operating and financial leverage imply that the firm will employ a heavy component of fixed cost resources. This is inherently insecure because the obligation to make payments remains regardless of the condition of the company or the economy.6. Debt can only be used up to a point. Beyond that, financial leverage tends to increase the overall costs of financing to the firm as well asencourage creditors to place restrictions on the firm. The limitations of using financial leverage tend to be greatest in industries that are highly cyclical in nature.7. The higher the interest rate on new debt, the less attractive financial leverage is to the firm.8. Operating leverage primarily affects the operating income of the firm. At this point, financial leverage takes over and determines the overall impa ct on earnings per share. A delineation of the combined effect of operating and financial leverage is presented in Table 5-6 and Figure 5-5.9. At progressively higher directs of operation than the break-even point, the percentage change in operating income as a result of a percentage change in unit volume diminishes. The close is primarily mathematical as we move to increasingly higher levels of operating income, the percentage change from the higher base is likely to be less.10. The starting level of sales is significant because we measure what can happen at that point. Note that in formula 5-3, we must specify the quantity or beginning point at which degree of operating leverage is being computed.11. Financial leverage, or the use of debt, not only determines how much interest we must pay alone also the number of shares of common stock that we must issue to support the nondebt portion of our capital structure. Only by examining earnings per share can we plectrum up the effect of outstanding shares on the operation of the firm.12. The indifference point only measures indifference based on earnings per share. Since our ultimate goal is commercialize value maximization, we must also be concerned with how these earnings are valued. Two plans that have the same earnings per share may call for varied price-earnings ratios, particularly when there is a differential risk component involved because of debt.13. Television broadcasters commit to production schedules, program purchases, etc., in the spring, create the fall/ wintertime program schedule, and then send the salespeople out to sell advertising air time for the coming season. Thus, the costs are virtually 100% locked in ahead any revenues are generated. A minor fluctuation in advertising revenue, therefore, has a major effect on operating earnings.14. Students may come up with many points worth discussing. Emphasis should be directed to the tremendous debt load that required servicing. Consumer demand slowed down affecting cash flows, and increased interest pass judgment at the end of an economic cycle had the same effect. Coupled with the excessive prices paid (particularly for Federated Stores) this caused problems. There was only a small margin for error. Discussion may also include Robert Campeaus ego, failure to follow advice, and failure to achieve asset sales at projected prices. Campeaus gamble was risky but it was close.

Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques

Non-Invasive diagnostic techniques X-rays An X-ray machine is essentially a camera. Instead of visible light, however, it uses X-rays to crack the film. X-rays are alike light in that they are electro magnetised waves, but they are more energetic so they can penetrate many materials to varying degrees. When the X-rays hit the film, they expose it just as light would. Since b sensation, fat, muscle, tumors and other masses all absorb X-rays at different levels, the image on the film lets you see different (distinct) structures privileged the body because of the different levels of exposure on the film. Ultra skillful Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by submarines. Thermography MRI MRI scanners vary in size and shape, and some newer models have a greater degree of openness around the sides. Still, the basic design is the same, and the patient is pushed into a tube thats only astir(predicate) 24 inches (60 centimetres) in diameter.The biggest and most important component of an MRI system is the magnet. There is a horizontal tube the same one the patient enters track through the magnet from front to back. This tube is cognize as the bore. But this isnt just any magnet were dealing with an incredibly strong system here, one capable of producing a large, stable magnetic written report. The strength of a magnet in an MRI system is rated using a unit of measure known as a tesla.Another unit of measure commonly used with magnets is the gauss (1 tesla = 10,000 gauss). The magnets in use today in MRI systems create a magnetic field of 0. 5-tesla to 2. 0-tesla, or 5,000 to 20,000 gauss. When you realize that the Earths magnetic field measures 0. 5 gauss, you can see how powerful these magnets are. Most MRI systems use a superconducting magnet, which consists of many coils or win dings of fit through which a current of electricity is passed, creating a magnetic field of up to 2. 0 tesla.Maintaining such a large magnetic field requires a good deal of energy, which is accomplished by superconductivity, or reducing the resistance in the wires to almost zero. To do this, the wires are continually bathed in liquid atomic number 2 at 452. 4 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (269. 1 below zero degrees Celsius) source Coyne. This cold is insulated by a vacuum. While superconductive magnets are expensive, the strong magnetic field allows for the highest-quality imaging, and superconductivity keeps the system economical to operate.

Beowulf Questions

marvel 1 What is the name of the castle where the first few sections of the poem take place?HeorotCamelotWulfingHrothgarQuestion 2 Who is the ability at the beginning of the poem?UnferthHrothgarHeorotBeowulfQuestion 3 Grendel is a descendant of what Biblical figure?SamsonCainLuciferNoahQuestion 4 Where do the people make offerings to try to get aid from Grendels attacks?Muslim mosquesPagan shrinesCatholic cathedralsJewish templesQuestion 5 Beowulf arrives to aid the DanesOn footOn horsebackOn the back of a dragonBy shipQuestion 6 Which character is jealous of Beowulf?HygelacWealhthowUnferthHrothgarQuestion 7 During the feast, Beowulf describes what kind of contest in which he competed against Breca?SwimmingRunningJoustingStorytellingQuestion 8 How gigantic is Beowulf king of Geatland before the dragon wake?50 years10 years25 years5 yearsQuestion 9 What wakes the dragon?Grendels mother wakes the dragon to help her fight Beowulf.An intruder handles and removes a gem-studded goblet from the dragons lair.Beowulf confronts the sleeping dragon in his lair.The dragons eggs begin to hatch.Question 10 Where does the dragons treasure come from?It is the cache of a highborn race of people who have all died.It is Beowulfs inheritance from King Hygelac.It belonged to the dragons father.It belongs to Hrothgar and the Danes.Question 11 What is the dragons primary weapon when he attacks the homesteads?His sharp talonsThe fire that he breathesA sword that belonged to the past godsUnferths sword HruntingQuestion 12 What does the dragon destroy that upsets Beowulf?Beowulfs homeBeowulfs armorThe castle HeorotThe tree of lifeQuestion 13 Who volunteers to fight the dragon?UnferthHygelacHrothgarBeowulfQuestion 14 What weapon finally kills the dragon?A daggerA cannonBare handsA torchQuestion 15 What regret does Beowulf express as he is end?He was unable to kill the dragon.He never married.He is leaving the Geats penniless.He never had a son.

Xacc/280 Wk2 Assignment Journalizing, Posting, and Preparing a Trial Balance

Journalizing, Posting, and Preparing a Trial Balance XACC/280 November 27, 2011 Journalizing, Posting, and Preparing a Trial Balance The general goals of financial insurance coverage ar to keep an accurate and ethical record of all financial transactions of a company, speckle maintaining integrity and adhering to the generally accepted principles of accounting. The steps I took in the recording process for this assignment were to depression make journal entries to accurately depict all financial transactions for the fictitious company. After reservation and double checking my journal entries, I entered them into the general ledger.This step might seem a bit redundant, only when it is vital to have this information available in both formsa day by day account, and an account by account analysis. Lastly I prepared the trial balance report for the similar fictitious company. The steps I took support, and are in strict adherence to, the principles of accounting because there are no fictitious entries, I made no attempts to understate income nor to overstate expenses, and I double suss out my work to ensure accuracy. I made certain that I accurately recorded the information I was wedded, and ensured that it balanced out.The basic accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity) is fully satisfied, and the financial information I was given is accurately describe. I once had a wonderfully wise employer who was a CPA. He told me that all we can do is report the numbers we are given by our clients. If it does not pass the smell test past we can bring it to the clients attention, but we should never accuse them of attempting anything resembling fraud. Make copies of the information given to us by the client, and keep those copies in the clients file. That way, we can prove that the numbers we reported were the same numbers we were given to report.

Characteristic of management Essay

With the progress of history, the definition, content, method and attribute of perplexity is in constant development. The history of management theory and idea is evolving. Between the twentieth nose candy and twenty depression century, the environment of management has been traded from stable and predictable to unending changeable. According to Kiechels (2012) theory, with the distinct law, principle and regulation, management belong to a real science system.In this essay, two topics will be discussed. The first one is management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which argon the transformation of lug were treated from machine to human and the connection between presidential term and external environment. The second one is the trine most important differences between right off and then. The three differences are increasingly fierce disputation, personalized customer read and how to rectify competitiveness.The development of management theory and practice are closely related. focusing theory is establish on the appreciation of management system and frame after summarized the experience from the accumulation management. However, this understanding also leads to the management practice. First of all, the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human is one factor. subsequently the mid nineteen twenties the human relations theory and behavior management theory began to establish attention to human has many special factors different from the objects.On the human factor, first of all should be attributed to mayo and his in the test of Hawthorne factory. Hawthorne test is a management test of Mayo by Hawthorne predict factory which belong to Western Electric Company in the United States. Testing began in 1924 and Mayo conducted a series of surveys, tests and interviews. After that, the summary from Mayo (1933) of human psychological factors and social factors has great collision on the production efficienc y. The staff is social person they privation social psychology rather than scarcely the pursuit of income and material.Therefore, the managers of the enterprise should not only focus on the technical and economic factors of management, but also improve laborproductivity from the social and psychological aspects to encourage workers. Volberda (2012) has said that expect formal organization, on that point are some informal ones. Informal organization is spontaneous formation by nature from the masses contact. However, peoples behavior from the informal organization is always following the emotional logic temper decides relationship.The external environment become connects to organization. Some of managers work on employees by coerces penalization and fire to increase the stress of them. The strict supervision and control mode to staff actually reflected in Taylors scientific management service and the traditional management mode.The others the others has concept of management t hat will be advocated management method which is people oriented by human, tolerant, democratic in management behavior. The objectives of the organization are combined individual objectives well and create favorable conditions for employees to develop the wisdom and potential.Then, there are three most important differences between now and then which increasingly fierce competitions, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Firstly, with the liberalization policy, business globalization and capital operation mode, the regional and industry boundaries were abolished which makes the competition to a greater extent intense. That leads to the difference by increasingly fierce competitions. With the opinion of Parker (2005), a long time ago, the research which based on strategic alliances and joined ventures was found.Cooperation and competition were founded to be a virtue and he analysis that competition is good to become to cooperation which is a good idea from the growing global economic. Secondly, Customers become the dominant personnel in the market by the expansion of product pile up in excessive extremity and income gap which leads to customer demand for personalized. Abrahamson (1966) suggested that, change is a global effect the customer is more mass medium on the quality of the product or service. Managers should seek a untested technology to help them make do new conditions which is the performance gap caused by environmental changes.Finally, with the widely used of the development of science and technology and information technology, lots of things could be done which may not be done easily. So the traditional management mode faces the enormous challenge.Moreover, by Rodrigues(2001) theory, the development of effective management skills to deal with particular problems and challenges of for each one organization in the global competitive environment is to make a frame work. The urgent need of many enterprises and organiz ations are rapid changes in technology and the environment. Today, the new trend of training and development organizations rough the world are dealt within their own organization.In order to achieve networked, flat, flexible, effective development skills, specific challenges different new organizations of their mission and objectives of the organizations all over the word. Effective management skills help people and organizations to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. The rapid development of globalization and technology shows that we are in fierce competition. Proper management is crucial to the complex environment.The quality manager and effective management style can determine the organisational culture with productive employees and ultimately, success or failure. Managers should encourage, guide, supervise, motivate employee and coordination capacity to promote action and guide change his leadership and other training manager. Management and utilization planning, organiza tion and communication skills are important leadership, more in quality such as integrity, honesty, courage, commitment, sincerity, enthusiasm, determination, compassion and sensitivity.In conclusion, management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human and the connection between organization and external environment. At the same time, there are three most important differences between now and then.The three differences are increasingly fierce competition, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Twenty first degree Celsius for humans is a new age, we need according to the new rules to face and the formation of new rules depends on innovation which is the foundation of learning. Finally, Learning and innovation is the key in twenty first Century to deal with the environmental change.Reference1.Abrahamson, E. (1996). Management fashion. Academy ofManagement Review, 21, 1 , 245-285.2. Parker, L. D., & Ritson, P. (2005). Fads, stereotypes and management gurus Fayol and Follett today. Management Decision, 43, 10, 1335-57.3. Kiechel, W. (2012). The management century. Harvard stock Review, 90, 11, 62-75.4. Rodrigues, C. A. (2001). Fayols 14 principles of management then and now A framework for managing todays organizationseffectively. Management Decision, 39, 10, 880-889.5. Mayo,G.E. (1933). The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization, 25,3, 33-45.6. Volberda, H. (2012). Contingency Fit, Institutional Fit, and Firm Performance A Metafit Approach to Organization-Environment Relationships. Organization science, 23, 4, 1040 -1055.

Child Obesity Essay

Whos To diabolic for corpulency?Do you want to be surrounded with a society filled with obese children? Obesity has become a big problem in America. P bents argon not being careful with the kernel of junk food theyre allowing their kids to take in. According to Daniel Wientraubs article The Battle Against loyal regimen Begins in the Home, he claims that parents are in the position to fight the epidemic of overweight children, not the government or debased food companies. I agree with Daniel Wientraub because parents should be held accountable for the obesity of their children. advertizement has become Americas biggest tool for manipulating kids in the U.S as indicated in David Barbozas If you Pitch It, They Will Eat It, unseasoned York Times article , professor Linn of Harvard says The programs have become advertizement for the food and the food has become advertising for the programs (Barboza,P.39,Par.33). Children are getting attached to television and programming, which is where the immediate food commercials vastly appear. For example, kids begin to ask their parents for fast food just because there happens to be a toy in their Happy Meal. Parents fatiguet have the strength needed to pass managing on telling their children No because they will cry, nag, and pass away to bug their parents to take them. Marketing strategies aim on manipulating kids, and the more being targeted, the more money they continue making. Parents need to start saying No and begin acting like the boss, instead of it being the new(prenominal) way around. Exercising is a huge factor on staying healthy. A vastly amount of kids in America are not participating in physical education.In the article The Battle Against Fast Food Begins in the Home Daniel Weintraub indicates We limit television and encourage our boys to get out the house, either to recruit in organized sports or to ride their bikes, skateboards, or roller blades(Weintraub,P.43,Par.15). This particularly indicat es that parents need to push and impress their children to exercise daily, to remain active. Staying fit is more important because it prevents obesity. The majority of children lack exercise and stuff themselves with fast food but it isnt their fault because their too young to comprehend any better. Parents need to tincture it up and support their kids with consistent physical education to prevent their children becoming obese. Adolescents need to start noticing what they are feeding their children.A great amount of food comes from the radical kids are living in. in Daniel Wientraubsarticle The Battle Against Fast Food Begins in the Home, he states that, We try to cook as many repasts as possible on the theory that even the last healthy home cooked meal is probably better for our children than the healthiest fast food serving (Weintraub, P.43, Par.15). I support this claim because when kids are disposed(p) a meal at home, their parent raise provide and control the ingredients they are feeding them, in contrast to when they are eating out. Therefore, kids can consume vegetables and healthy edibles that their parents are serving at home, without distressful about the bad factors that fast food is giving them. In other words, cooking at home is a veritable good way for parents preventing obesity. Others may suggest that fast food services are at fault for childhood obesity.However, I believe this is faulty reasoning because fast food places provide a great amount of high fattening food that makes kids gain weight. Support of my position can be found in the following Fast foods marketing strategies, which make perfect sense from a business perspective, succeed only when they induce a substantial number of us to overeat (Brownie, P.33, Par.6). This all the way substantiates my position by illustrating that purchasing fast food products may be cheap and less beat consuming, but it is a bad decision for parents to make on their children. In conclusion, I am adamantine that parents are responsible for what they feed their kids. As such, in my opinion it would be in our best chase for parents to stand up and help children at most they can. If parents follow this course of action, I am convinced(p) that child obesity will decrease not only in America, but all over the world.

Organizational Communication in Crisis of Diet Pepsi Syringe Scare

INTRODUCTION In the 1993 incident of syringes were found in the victuals Pepsi faecess, it is clearly showed that the caller-up had demonstrated an strong halting from the accompanys openness with the media. While dealings and handling with the crisis, the PR police squad of Pepsi foc employ on both their knowledgeable and immaterial familiars. It is in wholly-important(a) for an plaque to agree a strong inside conversation as these infixed existences helps to convince the extraneous universes of the organization.The natural habituals of Pepsi were consists of the employees of Pepsi like executives, music directors, stakeholders, and anyone that has a say in the production of Pepsis products whereas the external publics consists of the whole Ameri fecal matter population, competitors, FDA and the media. communication theory among the internal publics were strong among them and the company directed an immediate disclosure of all facts (Anton, 2011). Internal c ommunication theory is important in an organization as it helps to build bridges among the employers and employees.Besides it mint as well as help them to deal demote with their external public in whatever they be doing regardless of puzzle out crisis or as a tool of communication with its public. Pepsi consequently targeted the external public differently and chose to focus on television as its media vehicle. Besides, they also took a firm stand and said no to product recall. Alpac Bottling Company, the local canning and distributor of nutrition Pepsi was one of the external publics that were involved with the crisis and Pepsi let the company to explain to the media that product meddling was merely impossible.Publics do non believe that the case is over and then a documentation video was released. Pepsi invited media to the production set bring out and film the process. This video then shows the process of the sodas and that the product was almost tamper resistant. Other techniques used by the PR of Pepsi include 24 hours hotlines for consumers query and illnesss, assigning a specialist to browse with the FDA and the legal discussion section were also involved during the communications process (Pepsi case, n. d. ).Videotapes were then sent out as well as memos and the surveillance footage that reaffirmed the Pepsis innocence. As the hoax of the syringe scare goes on, a third video in make outigence service release was aired by Mr. Weatherup that shows a surveillance camera from a convince store show a lady purchased the product, opened it and then placed a syringe without anyone noticing. Com young ladyioner Kessler from FDA then help a press release on June 17, 1993 notifying the public that the allegations scare of syringe was false (Yaxaira, 2011).Throughout the crisis, it is clearly showed that communications amidst Pepsi and both its internal and external publics was really effective as the PR segment disclosed all training to all(pr enominal)one as it is needed. They also convinced the external publics that on the proceedings of their investigation on a daily basis to ensure the public that the problem is under overcome. In this case study of Pepsi spray scare, the communication flow of the organization can be related with Blake and Moutons Managerial provide system of the adult male beings elections move up.In this shape up, it maps out different leadership miens compared to other admissiones as this model concerns well-nigh both wad and production. There are five prototypical direction styles subbed under this model which are impoverished worry, landed estate club care, authority-compliances, team-management and middle-of-the-road management. All these five management styles have to be balance in concerning slightly people and production.Concern for people in this model simply relates to the degree where a leader considers the needs of employees and team members before deciding on how to accom plish a task (Blake & Mouton, n. d. ). This concern can be seen when the PR team of Pepsi decides on its strategies, tools and techniques in communicating with both internal and external public during the crisis halt. The politics also guide and brief their employees on how they should communicate effectively with the public and customers.Besides, the PR team of Pepsi also assigned a specialist to work with the FDA and to keep the employees on track that what is happening doneout the period and ensure the public that the problem is under consider. Concerns for production, defined to the degree which a leader underscores production posture and efficiency when deciding how to best accomplish tasks (Blake & Mouton, n. d. ). This concern can be seen when Pepsi emphasize on the effectiveness and efficiency of their production of the product.The authorities even invited media to film the production plant and produce a documentary video news release to ensure the external publi c that product tampering is virtually impossible in the production. Finally a surveillance video of a convince store proved that Pepsi is free from allegations. Both of the concerns in the model can conclude that team-based communication direction is effective in handling such situation. The communication in the organization on handling with the crisis of Syringe found in Diet Pepsi Cans in 1993 was effective in the internal public but was not that efficient towards the external publics.The president of the organization along the management team explaining and updating the employees on everything that is happening and by ensuring to the employees that the incorporated office does not think that the tampering is the happening at the plants and by confiding and rely in the employees abilities increased the employees morale at a critical time during the crisis. Employees were treated with the highest consideration. Advisories were sent to bottlers and managers at least once daily bu t often several times per day to update the situation. This breeding was to be shared with employees and customers.These actions not only displayed willingness to cooperate but also efforts by the company to generate the public any and all information it needed at different stages of the crisis progression. The 1993 crisis of hypodermic syringes reported in Diet Pepsi had effective communication results stemming from the companys openness with the media. In addition, other technique used by the crisis management team was included 24 hours hotlines for consumers query and complaints, assigning a specialist to work with the FDA and the legal department were also involved during the communications process (Pepsi case, n. . ) (Fearn-Banks, 1996). The communication effectiveness of the company was a success as the crisis lasted for nine days with the crisis communication team working 15-20 hours a day. The teams efforts resulted in positive media coverage during and after the crisis, w hich in turn reflected positively for the companies involved. Furthermore, Pepsi distributed instructing information, helping the public to play off to the situation, making it an excellent example of how to give care a crisis. ( Strurges, n. d. ).The poor communication with the external public can see from the action they did to the public after the incident happened. The premiere complaint regarding syringe was announced on 10th June 1993 but the company did not took any action to that. Pepsi-Cola Co. said that they could not just tell the public about the incident without having substantial amount of evidence to enforce their claim. Pepsi invited media to capture the canning process then the public relation department demonstrating the bottling procedure.The crisis management team then releases the video news release (VNR) through the media such as television to reach the public eye after a total of 55 complaints about the case in a week. The video shows that is impossible to interfere with the process of the product, the speed of the equipment, and the natural rubber precautions to produce the product. The management team should show the public with this video once they receive the rootage complaint and not to deny that it is not possible to have a syringe in the can. This is to ensure that they can still gain chargeworthy from their customers.The vice president of product safety, Jim Stanley said that Because you dont have a lot of time to gather the facts, youd better take advantage of the first a few(prenominal) hours that you do have. If you waste those early hours in trying to deliberate on what you should do, you are going to miss an opportunity to assoil a lot of issues that you could best solve immediately. In this case, the company had utilize the Likerts System IV where decision-making is performed by every organizational member and goals are set by complete work groups (Rensis Likert, 1967).It can see from the unity of the Pepsi-Cola Co . employees work together to overcome or helps to solve the crisis in a short period of time. The crisis communication team works 15-20 hours a day in consecrate to manage and try to work out the solution. Besides, the Likerts System IV also emphasize on control of the organization in every level where the Pepsi-Cola Co. practices it during the crisis. The crisis management team had abideing with the internal publics on the routes to communicate with the external public or the way to answer media questions.The way that internal publics answer questions from the external public is very important because they are representing the company to voice out the answer. jibe to most of the report from the publics including medias, the Pepsi-Cola Co. had handled the crisis effectively and able to rebound and increased its sales after the crisis. However, the organization could handle the crisis more effectively and better. With a better and effective internal and external communication, it will help to tighten the damages strike to their company.Pepsi-Cola Co had showed a video regarding of the canning process and let the public understand how grievous it would be to get an object into one of their cans. The company also showed a video of a muliebrity trying to stick a syringe in a Pepsi can at a supermarket. However, they did not release the video on the spot. Public do not believe it although the company state that in that respect were no way to insert the syringe in the bottling process at the plant. This become serious when on that point were 50 cases reported the following week. This proved their communication to the external public was not effective nice to convince the public when the crisis occurred.They should release the video once the crisis happened and not release after they found out the case become nationally. If they could release the video instantly once they found out they were innocent, the public no matter from internal or external will tend to believe it was a product tampering cases. They external public (consumer) will not under panic attack (worried about the syringe index bring AIDS or hepatitis which it usually related to it) and the media will report the incident and make a clear statement which the product is safe to drink to the audiences.The surveillance camera which caught the women trying to put a syringe into the Pepsi can when the worker turn around sound more solid and easier to gain public convincing than the video which shot about the canning process. The organization can handle the situation differently in the other way was the chief executive officer of the company should stepped out as the spoke person once the first two cases occurred. At first case occurred, the CEO and president of the Pepsi-Cola Co. was not the spokeperson who accepted the interviewed by the reporter.The first spokeperson was the Alpac Bottling Company CEO. As Alpac should be responsible of the incident, due to the external pu blic only knew little about Alpac, they will only pointed their finger to Pepsi-Cola Co. because they were the imminent owner of the bottling company. Therefore, to decrease the damages brought by the crisis, the Pepsi-Cola Co. CEO should appeared in the first place to clarify the crisis and try to gain back public trust. The words from the companys CEO will be more credible, powerful and convincing.The external communication (consumer, media, government, etc) is important to the company as the internal communication (employee, employers and managers) will also play a crucial role in the organization. For the external communication to the publics who involved, they will tend to believe the words from the leader who was ultimately responsible than a public relations practitioner. The media can get a clear statements, answers or announcements from the CEO directly. As for the internal communication, the CEO who involved themselves into the crisis will gain more trustworthy and support from the employees or subordinates.Different company practices different onrush and theory. As for the Pepsi-Cola Co. , it near kind-hearted resources approach during the crisis. The human resources approach was widely adopted by organizations in the 1960s. This participative, team approach to management-employee relations recognized that employees can contribute both physical and mental struggle (Berger, 2008). Human resource approach acknowledges contribution of classical and, especially, human relations approaches to organizing (Miller, 2009).According to the human resources theorist, individualistic advertise is an important ingredient to reach organization goal but also must consider individual feelings in the organization. Therefore, human resource approach is the mix of classical approach and human relations approach which emphasize on both meeting organization goal and individual feelings. In human resource approach, communication became multidirectional and more inte ractive compare to the other two approaches. Feedback was sought to enhance problem solving and stimulate supposition sharing and innovation content was added to social and task information in communications (Berger, 2008).Concepts of employee trust and commitment emerged as important issues, and organizations began to share communication decision-making among employees (Berger, 2008). There are two theories categories in this approach which are Blake and Moutons Managerial football field that concentrates on how a manager can combine values of the human relations school and the classical school into a leadership style and Likerts system IV that specify the details of the organizational form that will incorporate the ideals of the human resources movement (Miller, 2006).In the crisis of syringe found in Diet Pepsi cans in 1993, the Pepsi-Cola Co. is using the human resource approach in their organizational communication. During the crisis time, they not only work to solve the cri sis but they also treated the employees with extreme consideration. The public relations department contacted the management department on how to communicate with the employees regarding the crisis situation and how to answer questions from the public and the employees (Yaxiara, 2008).All 400 field locations were aware at all times of what was going on in the company, what information is being reported, how the government was handling this matter, and how the company is responding to this matter (Yaxiara, 2008). They updating the employees regarding the situation by sending advisories to bottler and manager several time a day. When there is any update from the investigation, the president was also contacting the management department to share the latest information.This show that the company was concerning on employees feelings, therefore had explaining and updating the employees on everything that is happening and by ensuring to the employees that the corporate office does not thi nk that the tampering is happening at the plants and by confiding and trusting in the employees abilities increased the employees morale at a critical time during the crisis (Yaxiara, 2008). Besides, they giving all information and teach the employees to respond is to control the information that shared with the external public and able to meet the company goal which is solving the company crisis.The communication of the organization toward external public is also applying the human resources approaches. The company public relations department convinced the external public of the investigation proceeding on a daily basis to ensure to the public that the problem is under control (Yaxiara, 2008) in order to calm the public feeling and control the external situation. We cannot deny that management must exercise control for organizations to succeed. Based on the crisis that faced by Pepsi during the year 1993, we can see that the internal publics were well-handled. The Pepsi-Cola Co. di d a very good job with keeping employees up to date with new information about the crisis they faced. This consequently gave assurance to the internal publics. The Pepsi CEO also fully utilised his power towards the external public. During the crisis, Pepsi CEO appeared on every major network to share the message that defect was practically impossible in their products. Amanagementfunctionaimed at achieving definedgoals and usually have threecomponents which included takingcorrective action, riding horse standards and measuring actualperformance.The contribution of power is very important in order to exercise control towards management. The power of ideology and hegemony made the employees in the Pepsi-Cola Co. to think that the organization hierarchy is needed to be practiced by the company. The Pepsi-Cola Co. created an ideology to the internal publics that the crisis can never related to the company and keep the employees up to date. The public relations department got in touch with the management department on how to communicate with the employees about the crisis situation.There are also discussion on the way to answer questions from the employees and the public. All 400 field locations were aware at all times of what was going on in the company, what information is being reported, how the government was handling this matter, and how the company is responding to this matter. Internally, Pepsi prevented organizational disorder by updating employees with daily advisories to over 400 facilities nationwide. By doing this, the frame of an idea will be built in the internal publics mind. This ideology made the internal publics tend to trust the company.In order to convince the external public, the internal public must have faith in the company too. The leader applied the legitimate power in the communication process within the internal public. The crisis management team which leaded by Craig Weatherup, the president and CEO of Pepsi was in charge of the educa tion of the senior management regarding how to answer the questions from the employees and public. The employees were educated by the senior management regarding how to answer the questions from the public. This shows that the company are practicing legitimate power which is the power was emerged from positions and titles.The people on the higher hierarchy have the right to control the lower level. However, the communication can be in formal and informal way. It also can be written and utter and including all the channels. However, the legitimate power wasnt excluded. From here, we can see that the Blake and Moutons Managerial Grid of the human resources approach was applied in the internal communication of Pepsi-Cola Co. This approach assumes that leaders will be most effective when it concerns both concern for people and concern for production.The way that Pepsi-Cola Co passed their messages was practicing classical approach which is based on the hierarchy level. The legitimate p owers of the leaders successfully control the management and formed an effective communication. On the other hand, they pass the message by using both formal and informal way. This is basically practicing human relations approach. By combining these 2 approaches, Blake and Moutons Managerial Grid of the human resources approach was applied in order to control and the organization and way of communication.Pepsi successfully overcame the crisis by using different communication techniques and management power to show the internal publics and external publics that this scare was not possible. The internal publics were considered as successful in working together. The company guaranteed the external publics that there company does not love any problems in manufacturing their products. It is now one of the biggest manufacturers in the world. Pepsi is connected with 200 countries and profits of the organization play along to rise per annum. This incident has not been discussed for years .Pepsi-Cola Co. will stay successful if they use the right communication way when facing problems. 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