Supervision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supervision - Assignment ExampleTraining supervision is meant to sens and evaluate the candidates ability to transfer theory learnt in class to practice in applied setting. General work supervision seeks to warrant professional standards are met with focus on client interest and level of supervisee competency for further certification. In training supervision is done by clever teaching personnel and marks awarded while general work supervision is done by senior supervisors in the applied setting through telephone number quality checks on performance.An individual must possess an associate degree or a comparable experience in the field of human serving work .However the candidate must have attained a GPA which meets the minimum standard of the Board. Persons with not less than 60 college units and not less than 4 courses which are relevant with counseling or social work is eligible for license as long as they secure a job in counseling social work. However, if one does not posses s college certificate, they must work for a whole year under the supervision of Bachelors companionable Workers or Master Social Workers.Supervision ensures that standards of professionalism in service delivery are met. This help in promoting a candidates competency and experience while at the same time protecting the interest of the client. It offers an opportunity to discover ones potential and enhance competitiveness and compliance to the set down rules and regulations.some(a) of the ethical dilemma includes reconciling professional requirements with the need to form an informal relationship with the clients. Besides, supervisors are expected to be strict on academic requirements sometimes against the possibility of better practical ability that one may

Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Economic Growth - Essay ExampleHowever, the United States still displays the highest growth rate in this period as shown in the left panel of Figure 2. The remnant of the world also displayed increasing growth rate, but at a oft slower pace than the seven biggest economies which resulted to a wider gap between the real gross domestic product per person among these countries as shown in the right panel of Figure 2.The rest of Asia, on the other hand, as represented by Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan South Korea, and China also showed tremendous gains in their economies as shown by their real GDP per person growth depicted in Figure 3. China, the worlds newest scotch superpower, showed an exponential growth in its real GDP.A question, prompted by the above, is what atomic number 18 the underlying causes of economic growth Furthermore, why is it that some countries grow faster than others Is trade a major engine of economic growth Or is it foreign require investments A major terminal of this paper is to debate the effectiveness foreign direct investments and trade in fostering economic growth, and in the end answer the question on whether developing countries are right to increasingly firing resources towards attracting foreign direct investment rather than promoting trade in their objective to achieve economic growthAdmittedly, these questions must be answered amidst ... The shift in economic policies is often on the reallocation of economic resources to finance activities geared toward attracting foreign direct investments rather than the other needs of those nations.Figure 3 Economic Growth in AsiaSource See Figure 2Economic theories postulate that, for economic growth to be persistent economies must take after cardinal activities - these activities generate ongoing economic growth saving and investment in new capital, investment in human capital, and discovery of new technologies. From these three activities emerged different economic growth theories, ho wever, these theories are not the topic of this reading, but rather foreign direct investments and trade.International trade promotes the development of comparative expediency in the global economy, allows for the trade of similar goods - for example, United States imports automobiles and at the same time exports other types of automobiles, the diversity of taste of people is given an outlet, and economies of scale is enhanced. tidy sum has a very important role in promoting and sustaining long term economic growth that foreign direct investment doesnt (Kurgman and Obsfeld Marrewijk, Ottens and Schueller).Nonetheless, the role of foreign direct investment in the development process can not be underscored either. Hence, developing countries had shifted a considerable amount of their resources into attracting foreign direct investments or FDIs. For example, in the Sub-Saharan Africa, governments have shifted policies to attract FDIs. Fiscal holidays and tax holidays are awarded gene rously to investors. Moreover, investors often require that the country remedy its property rights in favor of the FDI and improve

Mergers And Joint Ventures Essay Example for Free

Mergers And Joint Ventures EssayA company does not plan on merging with another company and although some mergers ar voluntary other mergers are not. When a company is struggling, having financial difficulties and has used up each(prenominal) of its resources sometime it is in the best interest to merge. It is important for companies to actualise the different mergers and to pick the best solution. Below aggroup D will discuss the differences between a horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate merger and how those mergers differ from joint ventures. plane MergersHorizontal mergers are the combining of two or more companies in the same industry that are competitors. An example would be Sirius Satellite and XM radio. The benefit of this merger is a decrease in competition for all the companies involved. The disadvantages of this merger is that a horizontal merger is considered hostile due to a larger company taking over the smaller company and it feeling more like an acquisitio n than a merger (wiseGEEK, 2014). Another drawback is the companies not requiring to disclose or share all trade secrets resulting in jealousy and/or resentment.Vertical MergersVertical mergers are more common and the companies involved in this merger do not debate directly in the same grocery. A vertical merger is a combination of two companies that produce different products or services and come unneurotic to produce one specific product. One of the merging companies would be the buyer of products and the other company would be the supplier (Colander, 2013). An advantage of this merger is lower be due to thecompany not having to pay for the materials from the supplier. A disadvantage of this merger is forcing suppliers out of business and anti-trust issues.Conglomerate MergerUnlike horizontal and vertical mergers, a conglomerate merger is less personal and merges two companies in different markets that are unrelated to each other to grow financially and to increase their marke t share. An advantage of this merger is the advantage to reach a bigger audience. When two companies merge together they have access to the other companies market base. The size of the companies shtup be an advantage or disadvantage. The size can be a disadvantage because of structure changes, i.e. an increase of employees as well as core set being lost due to the merge.Joint VentureJoint venture occurs when commercial enterprise is undertaken jointly by two or more parties and at the same time still maintaining their individual identities. Joint ventures seem a bit more beneficial when compared to mergers. One pro of joint venture is that the companies address to exist as their own, whereas with mergers the two firms are one and no longer independent (Chron, 2014). An example of a joint venture is a cable and a phone company coming together offering both of their services like a bundle that offers special discounts.ConclusionThe three different types of merges team d learned ap proximately are horizontal, vertical and conglomerate. We also learned the difference of the three and the advantages and disadvantages of the different mergers and how joint ventures differ from mergers. It is important for firms to knowledgeable about mergers and joint ventures so that they may make the best decisions for their firm.ReferencesChron. (2014) Retrieved from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-mergers-joint-ventures-18578.html Colander, D. C. (2013). Microeconomics (9th Ed.). New York, NY

Socrates Failure in Refuting Thrasymachus Essay Example for Free

Socrates Failure in Refuting Thrasymachus EssayIn producing a counter argument to Thrasymachus claim that evaluator is the service of the unanimouser, Socrates bases his argument enourmously on sentimentality and prejudice. He assumes that the virtues which are supposedly functioning in the realm of ideas can also work propably in the World. For example, in Socrates view, a doctor does not seek his own advantage, nevertheless the advantage of his patients. Yet, this view reflects the perfect ideal of a doctor in Socrates belief of ideas in a dream humanity. With a modern perspective, one can fairly see that Socrates refutation has some complexities which clash severely with the real considers of the Ancient Greek. Socrates regard of the doctor ignores the inherent hu reality desire or fragility to obtaining the power for his advantage. Socrates confuses the crafts with the craftsmen occasionally.The crafts such as medicine or horse-breeding are idealized. However, crafts men are human and they are liable to exploit the authority which their crafts give over them. Therefore, Thrasymachus idea of legal expert is more applicable than Socrates. Socrates manages to appease Thrasymachus, but that does not mean Socrates is successful or so refuting Thrasymachus. In fact, if one observes their conversation critically, it is obvious that Socrates fails to refute Thrasymachus argument. Socrates is very optimistic and emotional towards human nature, which causes his arguments and refutations to be fragile . The virtue in individuals does not evermore bring prosperity to the state on the whole. Not everyone is sensitive to the good of the differents.Socrates republic is, in this sense, utopic. Socrates states, Anyone who intends to practise his craft well never does or orders but his best for himself (Plato, 23). This belief does not match the modern experience nor does it match the experience of a Greek citizen in Ancient Greece. In reverse, Thrasymachus believes that justice is a means for the strong to exercise advantage. In a sense Thrasymachus associates the strenght of a citizen with his authority and position in the society. He famously states, Justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger (Plato, 14). Justice is a tool for the established order to preserve itself. The strong citizen with a sizeable authority makes use of justice in a manner to assert his private interests.Under the shadow of justice, he can easily practise injustice and impose it as justice to the others. Thats why the strong is in a position to employ justice and injustice at their own interest. For instance, since a ruler makes laws in a position to twist justice for his own benefit. Therefore, his prior concern is to preserve and enhance his own authority. In order to do that, he ignores the welfare of his subjects. He does not act eer within a moral perspective. Thrasymachus believes that even in the lower classes of the society, this is ex actly the case. In terms of taxes, for example, an unjust man will gain more economically since he will always search for the ways to avoid taxation.A just man, on the other hand, with a sentimental love for his state and a respect for it, pays his taxes regularly and gains less than an unjust man in economical perspective. Thrasymachus believes that a man with authority is always just. Because he profits at the end. So, Thrasymachus concentrates primarily on the outcome of the act in a pragmatic way. He does not give any importance to the unjust proceedings which a man with authority exercise in order to achieve private benefit and gain. Socrates, on the other hand, believes that even a simple act of injustice on the path to power eradicate not solo the man as an individual, but also the society on the whole.Socrates is toilsome to harmonize his own utopic world with the realities of the earth which he thinks can be transformed and shaped. His views are rather romantic with a nos talgic perspective. Socrates is not skeptical unlike sophist philosophers of his age. He reasons, however, with a firm belief in his own conception of this world which is a projection of a higher world of ideas functioning in harmony. He believes that gods are just (Plato, 29). Homers Iliad on the other hand states otherwise, portraying gods are cruel and jelous. Therefore, Socrates thinks within his own ideology. He tries to impose his ideology to Thrasymachus who never disagrees with him at all.For example, in Socrates opinion, injustice causes civil strife, antagonism and disorder while justice brings friendship and a sense of common purpose. However, in a World which does not precisely regulate the terms of justice or injustice, Thrasymachus view that justice always looks to the advantage of the stronger makes more sense. Thrasymachus claims are based on his own experience of Ancient Greek life while Socrates statements hardly related to the realities of the life surrounding him . He is blinded by what he firmly believes. He is trying to adjust the common realities of the society to his own ideology.Altough he is able to convince Thrasymachus at the end, what he does during this process is misleading. Thrasymachus seems to be an agent for Socrates to express his ideology in a dialogue for. Thrasymachus presence is only to introduce the question and to be a passive listener during Socrates answering process. Therefore, Socrates refutation of Thrasymachus claim that justice is advantage of the stronger is nothing but a dictation of Socrates attempt to reconcile his own ideology of a utopic republic with the status quo in Ancient Greece.In conclusion, Socrates contradiction in terms to Thrasymachus may be convincing for Platos Greek audience, but it is not anyway convincing to the modern reader. Socrates idea of justice can only be reasoned in the future of Socrates lifetime in Socrates view. It does not correspond to Socrates actual reality. It is aimed to c onstruct an emotional idea of justice in a future time. It is only possible by changing the realities of the world in a manner to suit Socrates ideology.

Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Research Paper EssayPharmaceutical Companies, Intellectual Property, and the Global AIDS Epidemic This case is provided at the end of chapter 3 of your text (Luthans and Doh). after reading the case, and performing interrogation on the topic, answer the following questions1.) Do pharmaceutical companies withdraw a responsibility to distribute drugs for free or at low cost in exploitation countries? What are the main arguments for and against such an approach?2.) What are the principal arguments of pharma companies who oppose making exception to IPR laws for developing countries? What are the arguments by NGOs and others for a differential treatment?3.) What impact would you expect South Africas decision to levy duties on drug imports from Western nations to have on the international distribution of drugs to South Africa?4.) In June 2002, the WTO extended the transition period during which least-developed countries (LDCs) had to provide patent protection for pharmaceuticals. In yo ur opinion, do you think this is an appropriate assortment in policy, or a dangerous precedent? What could be some of the negative ramifications of this resolution? What about effects for other industries?5.) Given the initiatives announced by global development and aid organizations and among pharmaceutical companies themselves, was it necessary to relax IPR rules in order to ensure that adequate supplies of AIDs medications would be available for distribution in the developing world? 6.) What role do MNCs have in providing funding or other assistance to international organizations such as the Global breed?Present your answers using APA-formatEight to ten pages, double-spaced, using 12-point Times New Roman font. Also, please be sure to cite all scholarly information paraphrased or quoted from your researched sources of information on the case topic. Finally, be sure to include a separate Reference Page on which you list all of your research information sources according to corre ct APA citation style, depending on the kind of source book, chapter, published article, internet article, etc. Submit this assignment to your instructor in larn Plan 6 via the Assignment Drop Box labeled Research Paper.This assignment is worth 275 points and will be graded based on the written material Intensive Rubric. Be sure that your account shows multiple revisions with improved focus and clear writing for a general audience. Please remember to check your paper against the criteria in the Writing Intensive Research Paper Rubric before submitting it (see link above in this paragraph). Also, please let your Instructor know if you have any questions at all regarding producing or submitting this Research Paper assignment as the course progresses.a

Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay

Looking At The History Of vim Film Studies EssayFirstly Edward Mybridge use of goods and servicesd 24 cameras to record the actions of Humans in Motion stop motion pictures. By this method they learned the dynamics of animal frontment.In 1880s Thaumatrope two position one side with bird and other side with cage when twirl it the two image superimpose on each other and the bird go away appear inside the cage because of the persistance of vission.Zoetrope is the series of images which are drawn and placed in a cylindrical object when the object revolves the images in a cylinder creates the illusion of motion and creates an keep in 1860s.1878- THE PRAXINOSCOPEIt is similar to the Zeotrope hardly its requiring mirrors to project the image. Emile Reynaud was the first person to opened first movie theater in genus Paris employ the Praxinoscope.1891- THE KINETOSCOPEThe famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison built on the previous models a model of his own which is considered to be the first cinema machine.It consisted of a box through and through which a reel of photos were passed, at a rate of 46 images per second, and lit by an incandescent lamp the spectator could see the show through a peephole. In 1896 he gibe the first movie kiss of all(prenominal) time.1894- THE CINEMATOGRAPHIn 1894 the French duo of Lumiere brothers created the first real movie camera. They were intrigued by the Kinetoscope and tried to build a better model themselves. They came up with a machine which the called the Cinematograph which was a combination of a camera and a projector. In 1895 they shot the first movie called Date. This movie is considered to be the birth of cinema.Flip Book is the process of drawing a picture some semilar to the another, by fliping the page the an keep is being create. The similar process is also called cel liveness.Cel and Paper Animation TechniqueBy mid of 1910s animation production in US was already controlled by the techniques of cell and pa per. America was the most popular in cell animation than in Europe because of assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm.Cell Animation wass most appropriate way to the assembly line style of manufacturing because itook a whole line of persons working on very specific and simple several(prenominal) duties. On the other hand in Europe where the assembly line style of work was not encouragd, clay animation and other form of animation that required muchover a few individuals working on the set at a time was more popular. Because the actual set can only afford a limited amount of individuals working at one time together and no more this style and other alternative forums of animation became more widely accepted.Disney Cell AnimationBy drawing each image back solid ground and layout of scene one at a time using onion-skinning technique. The element or character which might have movement are drawn on transparent sheet of paper known as Cels and primed(p) over the backgrou nd which is static. Only moving elements need to be redrawn, backgroung can also be drawn longer and moved to give the effect of travelling.For eg- The simpsons, mho park etc.These days most of the work done on Computer.Synched Sound Steamboat Willie was released on November 18th 1928 by Disney.The first cartoon synchronized with vigorous titledSteamboat Willie was created by Disney.Firstly Didney tried to get a deal with RCA or Western Electronic to record the sound track of the movie just now it was not succided. Then Walt signed contract with botleg Powers Cinephone process and even with disastorous finally the first sound track in a session was recorded with a 15-pice caboodle and his own Micky squeaks.The Future of Animation3D AnimationToy Story released November 22nd 1995On enterance of computer graphics and 3D softwares the feature length train of high graphics can virtually be created in 3D. Toy Story is considered to be the first full length gay feature consume wh ich ever made on computer graphics. Toy Story was made by the partners Disney and Pixar.Story board of the movie to final render created in CG digital imagery.Combination of 3D 2DThe Iron Giant released on 1999. If we see the Iron Giant it looks like the traditionaliy drawn cell by cell but its not true the giant robot is actually made and nameed in 3D software and rendered as a 2D image. Autodesk Maya was used to design this character. One of the most important advantage in creating 3D software is that it is easy to animate no need of frame by frame drawing. in addition most of the backgrond which looks like 2D were also made in 3D software and rendered as 2D image.Fishing released on 1999 Pacific Data Images use of non realistic photo, realistic water colour effect rendering in 3D software.Character Animation is all about what the character is thinking .At times, he was getting lost. Is he happy or sad? So we punched it up. Rather then having him just look up at the sky, we ha d him jump off the ground just a bit. That touch better communicates what he is thinking, what his feeling. Thats all I do all day long as a character animator- move 3D models to look like their thinkingDavid GaineyDinosaur released in 2000With the development of the technologies of Computer Graphics it introduce a new and more realistic CGI characters accordingly those seen in Dinosaur. The creation, design and implementation of real technology of realistic digital hair on the lemurs are elaborated.Kung Fu Panda was released on November 9th 2008 with the development of advanced technology DVDs and Blue-ray criminal record produced by DreamWorks Animation and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. However the concept of Kung Fu Panda has been around since 1993, but the work started on this feature film in 2004 because of the flexibility of the software flexibility or the software development.Berief History of Indian AnimationDadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinem a he produced 95 movies and 26 short films in his 19 years career.Ek Anek Aur Ekta, a short traditional animated short educational film was released in 1974 was considered as the first animated film from India from Doordarshans Film Division. The theme of the film is to teach children the value of unity. This film was the first animated films from India which was radiate on National television channel and it was broadcast in the nations official language Hindi.The first Indian animated television series is Ghayab Aaya was released in 1986 and it is directed by Suddhasattwa Basu. And Rodeside Romeo is the first Indian 3D live film was written and directed by Jugal Hansraj and was produced by a joint project between Yash Raj Films and the Indian Division of the Walt Disney Company.Development of Animation PrinciplesAlmost all of the conventions of traditional animation were developed at the Walt Disney Studios in 1930s. The principles of the animation were developed to make good an imation, especially character animation, more realistic and entertaining. All the principle which was developed during the traditional animation is applied to 3D CG animation.There are 28 Principles of Animation out of those 12 principles are considered as basic but most important principles of animation introduced by the Disney animators Ollie Johnstone and Frank Thomas in 19 81 in the book called The Illusion of Disney Animation. Their effort is to produce more realistic animations The Illusion of Life Disney Animation on the work of the leading Disney animators from the 1930 onward. The book and its principles have become generally adopted and have been referred as the account book of the Animation Industry. The principles are still having the great relevance or the computer graphics animation.

PSO Based Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC

PSO Based Algorithm for optimal PMU view in KPTCA PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTCLFirst A. Author, Designation, Organization, Second B. Author, and Third C. Author, Jr., Designation, OrganizationAbstract Power system commonwealth estimation with the exclusive deployment of synchronous phasor touchstones demands that the system must be drop offly observable with PMUs only. Direct measurement of phase angles of current and voltage phasors be now possible by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). To subscribe to lesser flake of PMUs, the transcription riddle in any network is considered as an optimization riddle. This paper presents a segment Swarm optimization (PSO) establish cluster validation algorithmic program for optimal PMU placement. The proposed algorithm clusters the mound topologyes into many sub groups and the maximum mergeivity bus is selected as the heading bus. The PMU is placed on the header bus to manage the machine-a ccessible buses for complete system observability. This paper analyses the proposed algorithm for the following tether casesWithout PMU loss,With single PMU loss, andZero Injection Bus.The simulation results for IEEE bus and the KPTCL bus systems atomic number 18 presented and compared with the existing approaches. The proposed results designate that the method is simple to implement and abide the accurate PMU placement.Index Terms IEEE Bus, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), Optimal PMU Placement, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), and Power System State EstimationI. IntroductionPower utilities are facing numerous threats of security of operation due to the over hard-pressed military force network in the todays competitive power market scenario. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is an evaluating device which is used to measure the current and voltage. It uses the world- wide-cut fructifying System (GPS) pulse to facilitat e the synchronized measurements of real time phasors of currents and voltage. A power system is said to be recognizable when voltage phasors at each the buses are known. According to Ohms Law, if a PMU is placed at the bus, then the dwelling buses also become observable. Obviously, when PMUs are placed at each(prenominal) the buses of the network, and the measurements for all the PMUs are communicated to the control social units, then the voltage phasors at all the buses would be known. This approach slew change the traditional estimation to affirm measurement. PMUs are already installed in several utilities for various finishings around the world such as state estimation, adaptive protection and system protection schemes. Other application fields include stability monitoring, Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) and efficient system utilization.In the traditional power systems, the buses are monitored using the stodgy measurements from voltage and current transformers an d the entropy are forwarded to the Energy Management System (EMS) through the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. It collects the real time measurements from the unlike Terminal Units (RTUs) placed in substations. This approaches are not able to monitor all the measurements across a wide area power system because the data are not time-synchronized 1. PMUs are an essential part of smart grids and hence the rate of PMU installations are increasing. In the emerging technology, the major issue need to be addressed is the placement of PMUs, which is influenced by the anticipated system applications. The major factor limiting the number of PMU installations are their live and the communication facilities. Hence, the cost and communication constraints of PMUs have been motivated the researchers to name the minimal PMU installation for the anticipated applications. Placing PMUs on all buses of the power system results a complete observability of the system. Since, a bus is observed if a PMU is placed on it or some of its neighboring buses, it is neither economical nor necessary to carry put such installations. As a consequence, a problem called Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem has been occurs.The aim of this paper is to identify the optimal number of PMUs to make the KPTCL topologically observable. Here, a PSO based Clustering Algorithm is proposed to cluster the buses. The header bus is selected based on the maximum connectivity among the buses. The header bus is placed with the PMU to monitor the other connected buses. The PMU placement strategy confirms the system observability during the practice working(a) conditions and also the single PMU failures. The proposed method is found to be simple, fast and accurate in computation. The proposed method is applied on IEEE-6, IEEE-7, IEEE-9, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 bus systems and KPTCL power maps for 28 bus, 127 bus and 155 bus systems to verify the proposed algorithm performance.The remaining par t of the paper is organized as follows Section II involves the works related to the existing algorithms for optimal PMU placement problem. Section III involves the description of the proposed PSO based cluster formation algorithm for optimal PMU placement. Section IV involves the performance analysis of the proposed work. The paper is think in Section V.II. Related WorksWith the number of PMUs estimated for installation in the near future, both the utilities and researchers are looking for the optimal etymons to their placement. The solutions for the optimal PMU placement problem foot be classified into two types mathematical and heuristic algorithms. Some of the existing works related to the optimal PMU placements are discussed. Integer programming is a mathematical programming approach for solving an optimization problem having integer design variables. Singh introduced an integer programming based methodology for the optimal placement of PMU. It reduces the cost of installatio n and facilitate the entire power system observability. The zero injection buses concept was used to further reduce the number of PMUs. Integer programming helps to provide multiple results if the neighboring buses to zero injection buses were not handled properly. The best results was selected based on the 2. Fan and Watson proposed a multi-channel PMU placement problem and their solution. Here, a close consanguinity among the PMU placement problem and the classic combinatorial problem were identified 3.Roy et al proposed an optimal PMU placement approach for power system observability. Here, a three distri plainlyor point optimal PMU placement method was formulated based on network connectivity information. Stage 1 and stage 2 of the algorithm iteratively estimate the less all important(predicate) bus locations to eliminate the PMUs and estimates where the PMUs were retained. The last stage reduces the number of PMUs using the pruning operation. The optimal set of PMU location s were obtained for network observability 4. Manousakis and Korres designed a weighted least squares algorithm for optimal PMU placement. A quadratic minimization problem with continuous decision factors were formulated subject to the nonlinear observability constraints. The optimal solution was obtained by an unconstrained nonlinear weighted least squares method 5. Mahari and Seyedi proposed a Binary Imperialistic Competition Algorithm (BICA) for optimal PMU placement. The zero injection bus was considered for all investigations to obtain the fitted answers. In addition to the traditional rules, new rule was also generated. It helps to reduce the number of PMUs placement 6.Tai et al proposed a Random Component Outages (RCO) for optimal PMU placement for power system estimation. The optimal locations were chosen to reduce the state estimation and error covariance 7. Sodhi et al presented an optimal PMU placement method for complete topological and quantitative observability of pow er system. A two stage PMU placement approach was proposed. Stage 1 identifies the minimum number of PMUs to make the system topologically observable. Stage 2 was proposed to identify if the resulted PMU placement yields to a full ranked measurement Jacobian. A sequential elimination algorithm was proposed to identify the optimal locations of additional PMUs 8. An Exhaustive search is an optimization technique which systematically enumerates all possible candidates for the solution. It chosen the candidate which satisfy the constraints at the optimum objective kick the bucket value. It guaranteed the finding of the global optimum but it was not suitable for large scale systems with huge search space. Azizi et al proposed an optimal PMU placement by an equivalent linear conceptualization for exhaustive search. The state estimation was implemented based on the complete linear placement 9.Fei et al 10 discussed an optimal PMU placement based on the limited exhaustive approach. An or so optimal PMU placement (AOPP) was established in order to identify the searching space. AOPP was deterministically retrieved by detailed power system state observability analysis. The notion of bus neighbor was defined to derive the searching space of limited exhaustive approach. The heuristic algorithms applied for optimal placements are Genetic algorithm, Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Immune Algorithm, Iterated Local Search (ILS), Spanning Tree Search (STS), Greedy Algorithm, Recursive Security N Algorithm, Decision Tree and Practical heuristic rule Algorithm. Hajian et al introduced an optimal PMUs placement to maintain the network observability using a modified BPSO algorithm. An optimal measurement set was estimated to obtain the full network observability during normal conditions. After any PMU loss or single transmission line outage, the derived scheme in normal condition was modified. Observability analysis wa s carried out based on topological observability rules. A new rule was added to minimize the number of PMUs for complete system observability. A modified BPSO algorithm was used as an optimization tool to light the minimal number of PMUs and their corresponding locations 11.Sharma and Tyagi designed an optimal PMU placement approach based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) with the conventional measurements. quadratic polynomial programming was used in BPSO algorithm. A method for pseudo observability was introduced for depth one and depth two with and without zero injection measurements. It was tested on IEEE-7, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 bus system using BPSO technique 12. Peng et al formulated a multi objective optimal PMU placement using a non-dominated sorting differential evolution algorithm. It is an complete integration of Pareto non-dominated sorting operation and the differential evolution algorithm. It enhances the individual crowding mechanism and mutual me chanism 13. El-Zonkoly et al proposed an Improved Tabu Search (ITS) for complete observability and out of step prediction. The system was based on numerical observability and artificial intelligence. ITS was used to identify the optimal placement for the PMU to keep the system completely observable. A Predictive Out of Step (OOS) algorithm was proposed based on the observation of the voltage phase difference among the substations 14. Aminifar et al formulated an optimal PMU placement based on probabilistic cost or benefit analysis. The reduction of system risk cost was recognized as the benefit linked with the development of wide area measurement system 15.Das et al designed a simulation of wide area measurement system with optimal phasor measurement unit location. These measurements were generally taken for every 4 to 10 seconds offering a steady state view of the power system behavior. It was implemented on IEEE cardinal bus system 16. Jamuna and Swarup proposed a multi-objective biogeography based optimization for optimal PMU placement. Here, the concurrent optimization of the two conflicting objectives like minimization of the number of PMUs and maximization of the measurement prolixity were performed. The Pareto optimal solution was obtained based on the non-dominated sorting and crowding distance. The compromised solution was selected based on the fuzzy based mechanism from the Pareto optimal solution 17. Ghosh et al made a reliability analysis of GIS aided optimal PMU location for smart operation. It investigate the impact of topological attributes on commissioning PMUs. Reliability was ensured through various PMU connectivity configuration 18. Peppanen et al proposed an optimal PMU placement with binary PSO 19. Abiri et al introduced an optimal PMU placement method for complete topological observability of power system. A revised formulation for the optimal placement problem of the kinds of PMUs was presented 20.III. PSO Based Cluster Formation For Optimal PMU PlacementPower system observability is essential for identifying the real time monitoring and state estimation of the system. PMUs enable advanced solutions to existing utility problems and provide power system engineers a whole range of potential benefitsAccurate estimation of the power system state can be obtained at frequent intervals,Permitting dynamic phenomena to be observed from a chief location and suitable control actions are taken.Post disturbance analysis will be much improved for the PMU placement problem, which is obtained with the precise pictures of the system states through GPS synchronization.This section proposed a PSO based Optimal PMU Placement in power systems. The objective of this method is to provide the optimal placement of PMUs, which can make the system observable and to maximize the measurement redundancy of the system. Fig.1 shows the period of the proposed method. Initially, the bus system is taken and each bus is considered as a node. Each node connectivity is updated in the binary table. Here, we are considering the following three casesWithout PMU LossWith PMU LossZero InjectionsA. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Cluster Formation for Optimal PMU PlacementPSO is an optimization algorithm which facilitates a people based search procedure in which individual are termed as particles. Here, the PSO algorithm is used to cluster the buses for optimal PMU placement. Each particle contains a PMU placement configuration for a power system. It represents that each particle is constructed by binary dimensions, such that each bus of the power system has a dimension which indicates the man of a PMU in that bus, it is equal to 1, otherwise 0.Algorithm 1 PSO based Cluster FormationInput Connectivity details of the given bus system1 Create binary table for the given buses asFor i = 1 to number of busFor j = 1 to number of busIf bus (i) connect to bus (j)Matrix element represent as 1ElseMatrix element represent as 0End IfEnd Fo rEnd For2 D= Sum (f(x))3 L = max (d)4 Calculate the bus connection for Lth bus and place PMU on that bus5 modify the binary table by eliminating the bus from binary table6 Initialize particles7 Position of particles = x and y coordinating points of bus location.8 Velocity = random (number of buses)9 Check fitness for given position by using objective function.10 Minimum (F_Position)1112 Position = Position + Velocity13 For k = 1 to iterationIf Present_fitness Last_fitnessUpdate fitness valueEnd IfUpdate velocity and position.End For14 recover maximum (fitness_value), mf = max (fitness)15 Place PMU on that bus.16 Update binary table by eliminating the bus from binary table.17 iteration to Step 6 until binary table gets empty.18 If the PMU placed at only one bus,Check the nearest bus and made connection mingled with them and update cluster.19 End IfThe proposed algorithm is applied on the three cases for optimal PMU placement.B. Case 1 Without PMU LossIn this case, the zero injec tion and the flow measurement are ignored. To formulate the constraint set, the binary connectivity matric is formed whose entries are defined in the following equation (1)The matrix can be directly calculated from the bus admittance matrix by converting the entries in the binary form.Consider the six bus systemThe binary table B is defined as (2)The constraints for this case is, (3)From the binary table, identify the maximum connectivity among the buses. The table shows the maximum connectivity is occurred in bus 3. Hence, bus 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are eliminated from the binary table.Then, the binary table can be updated as, (4)After performing the PSO based clustering algorithm, the PMU is placed on bus 1 and bus 3, which is shown in fig.3.C. Case 2 With loss of PMUIt is considered as each bus is observable by single PMU and these PMUs are placed by the proposed clustering algorithm. Hence, the placement of PMUs are highly true(p) but, if any disturbance occurred in power system or due to maintenance purpose any of the PMUs places is out from the system. If any of the PMU is disconnected, then some of the buses are connected to that PMUs are not remain observable. In order to overcome such unexpected PMU failures, a strategy is considered for single PMU loss. It can be achieved if all the buses are observed by at least two PMUs. These are operated as two sets,Primary setBackup setIf suppose the PMU from primary feather set is not working properly, then the backup set will take the responsibility to observe the buses. To obtain the couple of PMUs, the constraint and objective function will remain same by only modifying the change in matrix f. In this case, the elements of f is equal to 2 instead of 1. It is defined as follows (5)This case place the PMU for monitoring the single bus by two PMUs. Other than the objective function, the steps are same. The new constraint function can be constructed as follows (6)D. Case 3 Zero InjectionZero injection buses are the buses from that no current is passed into the system. Zero injection correspond to the transferring nodes in the system. If zero injection buses are also designed in the PMU placement problem, the entire number of PMUs are further minimized. Consider the following example for zero injection on six bus system where bus 2 is considered as the zero injection bus.Now, the constraint for zero injection bus can be written as follows, (7)From the above equation, it is identified that the bus 3 has maximum connectivity. Hence, PMU is placed on the bus for entire system observability.IV. Performance epitomeTo evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the optimal placement of PMU problem is solved for IEEE standard bus system and KPTCL 220 and cd kV power systems. The KPTCL power buses are shown in fig.6. The results of the proposed method for IEEE bus system is illustrated in table 2. Here, IEEE-6 bus, IEEE-7 bus, IEEE-9 bus, IEEE-14 bus, and IEEE-30 bus system are considered for e valuation. Table 2 provides results for the three cases of IEEE bus systems.We collect the data from the KPTCL 220 and 400 kV power system. Here, the PMU placement is obtained only for the case 1 (without PMU loss). Hence, we proposed an algorithm to obtain the PMU placement, which suits for all the three cases (with loss, without loss, zero injection bus). Table 3 provides the positive number of PMU placement collected from the KPTCL. Whereas table 4 provides the proposed result for the given power system. The proposed method results for 28 bus, 127 bus and 155 bus system in all the three cases.V. Conclusion and Future WorkIn this paper, a PSO based cluster formation algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal PMU placement problem.